Results

q1a: S&P Net Debt / EBITDA (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	4.84	4.01	1.75	4.21	536	n/a	4.2	7633	n/a	4.2	2710	n/a	4.35	6400	n/a	4.2	505	n/a	3.93	267	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	4.4	1103	n/a	4.21	388	n/a	4.47	16479	n/a	3.3787	623	n/a
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.95	0.92	1.94	0.51	985	n/a	0.88	9687	n/a	0.9	8913	n/a	0.48	6129	n/a	0.68	659	n/a	0.82	460	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	0.51	1341	n/a	1.28	537	n/a	0.48	14072	n/a	0.9984	605	n/a
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	3.47	3.07	2.84	2.86	388	n/a	2.86	4549	n/a	1.65	3063	n/a	2.86	1534	n/a	2.86	426	n/a	2.86	173	n/a	5.3	18	n/a	2.86	753	n/a	3.93	551	n/a	2.86	5789	n/a	2.86	404	n/a
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	4.35	4.17	1.78	4.2	489	5.772	4.06	8246	71.24	4.06	2515	13.76	4.33	3346	33.163	4.18	511	22.724	4.33	337	6.636	2.8	18	1.333	4.3	1222	22.473	5.27	496	3.464	4.18	4177	35.189	4.18	628	3.492
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	3.21	3.55	1.99	3.13	853	n/a	4.28	6115	n/a	3.78	3703	n/a	3.78	3380	n/a	3.6	493	n/a	3.6	266	n/a	2.01	18	n/a	3.6	1229	n/a	4.31	529	n/a	3.19	10130	n/a	3.7846	549	n/a
EDP, S.A. 2022	-8.22	3.60	2.75	3.34	1591	n/a	3.35	13156	n/a	4.8	4366	n/a	3.94	5321	n/a	5.28	534	n/a	3.63	398	n/a	2.8	18	n/a	3.35	1173	n/a	2.09	505	n/a	3.73	17879	n/a	3.34	615	n/a
ENGIE 2022	3.25	2.68	1.87	1.71	1007	n/a	2.6	11881	n/a	2.65	8476	n/a	2.51	5591	n/a	3.96	589	n/a	2.63	263	n/a	2.1	18	n/a	2.6	1573	n/a	3.4	720	n/a	2.6349	11037	n/a	2.635	495	n/a
IBERDROLA SA 2022	3.91	3.87	2.97	4.44	773	n/a	3.41	7291	n/a	4.67	6837	n/a	3.91	5269	n/a	4.17	702	n/a	3.73	231	n/a	1.63	18	n/a	3.6	1937	n/a	4.89	399	n/a	3.25	13782	n/a	4.89	580	n/a
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	2.67	2.44	0.43	2.48	371	n/a	2.49	2072	n/a	2.4	2736	n/a	2.49	912	n/a	2.18	383	n/a	2.48	230	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	2.5	909	n/a	2.48	514	n/a	2.55	9429	n/a	2.18	556	n/a
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	83.85	45.41	64.49	47.11	486	n/a	51.2	12279	n/a	56.94	6630	n/a	56.9	3554	n/a	56.93	457	n/a	54.1	320	n/a	-1.0	18	n/a	58.2	1422	n/a	11.2	580	n/a	56.68	28128	n/a	51.24	502	n/a
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	3.92	3.69	1.93	4.64	579	n/a	3.3	5527	n/a	3.99	8912	n/a	4.22	4205	n/a	3.95	752	n/a	3.63	346	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	4.3	1128	n/a	3.16	518	n/a	3.7	15071	n/a	3.0812	674	n/a
ØRSTED A/S 2022	2.5	1.87	1.16	2.34	729	n/a	1.73	1979	n/a	1.73	2341	n/a	1.73	3666	n/a	1.47	1065	n/a	2.04	255	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	2.0	1068	n/a	1.32	635	n/a	1.86	10016	n/a	1.73	558	n/a
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	4.06	-22.81	62.92	-78.17	756	n/a	-26.46	16510	n/a	-14.83	4422	n/a	-26.46	2881	n/a	-21.9	646	n/a	-26.5	255	n/a	-1.27	18	n/a	-12.9	1360	n/a	-12.81	653	n/a	-14.83	18360	n/a	-14.83	557	n/a
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	4.02	2.02	3.97	528	n/a	3.82	10935	n/a	5.79	7738	n/a	3.97	1995	n/a	4.15	568	n/a	3.82	246	n/a	3.2	18	n/a	3.8	1044	n/a	3.67	534	n/a	4.01	8640	n/a	3.97	549	n/a
Acciona SA 2022	not available	2.72	0.48	2.66	490	n/a	2.8	13728	n/a	2.68	9573	n/a	2.87	7238	n/a	2.66	894	n/a	2.66	335	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	2.7	1468	n/a	3.09	487	n/a	2.54	10197	n/a	2.6565	672	n/a
Fortum Oyj 2022	1.84	2.46	3.77	2.1	622	n/a	1.59	12756	n/a	1.59	4323	n/a	1.59	3765	n/a	2.1	518	n/a	1.59	234	n/a	4.2	18	n/a	2.1	964	n/a	3.95	474	n/a	1.63	10628	n/a	4.67	583	n/a
VERBUND AG 2022	1.6	1.17	1.13	1.12	383	n/a	1.12	1874	n/a	0.94	2360	n/a	1.12	812	n/a	1.12	405	n/a	1.12	215	n/a	2.2	18	n/a	1.12	839	n/a	0.78	347	n/a	1.12	5768	n/a	1.12147	677	n/a
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	5.58	5.27	1.25	5.44	490	n/a	5.43	3862	n/a	5.43	6820	n/a	5.44	1358	n/a	5.44	612	n/a	5.44	302	n/a	4.2	18	n/a	5.43	689	n/a	4.85	528	n/a	5.44	8753	n/a	5.44	612	n/a
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	3.78	1.35	3.73	379	n/a	4.12	9902	n/a	3.66	4465	n/a	3.89	7203	n/a	3.89	551	n/a	3.66	278	n/a	2.6	18	n/a	4.12	1200	n/a	4.12	534	n/a	3.8934	23632	n/a	3.8934	543	n/a
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	4.37	4.33	2.23	4.01	521	n/a	4.03	926	n/a	4.03	4758	n/a	4.03	3909	n/a	4.03	468	n/a	4.03	271	n/a	6.2	18	n/a	4.03	676	n/a	5.14	443	n/a	4.03	6911	n/a	4.03	536	n/a
HERA S.P.A. 2022	4.23	3.81	2.39	3.73	438	n/a	4.42	8080	n/a	3.9	11494	n/a	3.73	3259	n/a	4.34	553	n/a	3.73	268	n/a	1.76	18	n/a	4.42	1029	n/a	3.73	530	n/a	4.45	10102	n/a	3.66	591	n/a
VINCI 2022	1.89	1.98	0.97	1.93	592	n/a	1.86	5017	n/a	1.73	5137	n/a	1.79	4263	n/a	1.72	512	n/a	1.87	305	n/a	2.8	18	n/a	1.9	915	n/a	2.15	385	n/a	1.86	8585	n/a	2.135	726	n/a
BOUYGUES 2022	3.26	1.70	2.17	1.58	361	n/a	1.64	9299	n/a	1.52	11963	n/a	1.6	4220	n/a	1.58	441	n/a	1.6	233	n/a	3.1	18	n/a	2.21	1004	n/a	1.61	707	n/a	2.1	12535	n/a	0.21	465	n/a
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	8.01	4.90	7.21	465	n/a	9.2	8502	n/a	9.4	5743	n/a	7.82	7698	n/a	9.11	702	n/a	9.3	318	n/a	4.2	18	n/a	7.6	1167	n/a	9.03	716	n/a	6.88	16442	n/a	8.4	653	n/a

	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	1.253	-1.064	4.546	nan	nan	nan	0.75	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.603	-0.424	1.723	nan	nan	nan	1.15	0.05	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0.483	-0.286	1.124	nan	nan	nan	0.29	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.609	-0.435	1.727	nan	nan	nan	0.56	0.02	0.01
GLM 5.1	0.559	-0.336	1.491	nan	nan	nan	0.64	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.585	-0.428	1.724	nan	nan	nan	2.21	0.09	0.03
GPT-5 nano	0.595	0.025	0.758	nan	nan	nan	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.416	-0.234	1.003	nan	nan	nan	2.95	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.560	-0.156	1.052	nan	nan	nan	0.52	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.444	-0.293	1.107	nan	nan	nan	4.61	0.19	0.07
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.574	-0.219	1.174	nan	nan	nan	0.15	0.01	0.00

q1b: S&P FFO / Net Debt (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.1567	0.15	0.19	0.238	423	n/a	0.161	21536	n/a	0.1	26045	n/a	0.17	7249	n/a	0.2378	556	n/a	0.0601	321	n/a	0.174	18	n/a	0.16	1009	n/a	0.11	512	n/a	0.13	16138	n/a	0.07483	574	n/a
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.6593	1.17	1.84	0.745	426	n/a	1.1	16319	n/a	2.49	4423	n/a	0.97	7328	n/a	1.33	543	n/a	1.62	387	n/a	0.27	18	n/a	1.04	1068	n/a	0.79	649	n/a	1.57	10989	n/a	0.9653	595	n/a
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.2317	0.28	0.20	0.3436	374	n/a	0.3	17079	n/a	0.3	6173	n/a	0.28	3899	n/a	0.283	912	n/a	0.295	439	n/a	0.1	18	n/a	0.25	906	n/a	0.31	592	n/a	0.272	12268	n/a	0.2927	408	n/a
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.1724	0.22	0.12	0.192	436	8.591	0.241	8584	71.945	0.28	7064	36.91	0.178	5379	53.136	0.239	523	22.244	25.4%	354	6.483	0.18	18	1.107	0.19	841	16.002	0.27	590	5.372	0.18	5671	47.758	0.232702	631	2.461
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.2063	0.20	0.15	0.15	4117	n/a	0.2	9259	n/a	0.2428	7301	n/a	0.187	6678	n/a	0.2	665	n/a	18.3%	259	n/a	0.1	18	n/a	0.263	1123	n/a	0.25	497	n/a	0.2127	19334	n/a	0.19	465	n/a
EDP, S.A. 2022	-0.1579	0.21	0.16	0.176	1037	n/a	0.278	7226	n/a	0.28	15120	n/a	0.13	3143	n/a	0.132	750	n/a	17.64%	395	n/a	0.221	18	n/a	0.21	1015	n/a	0.21	459	n/a	0.21	14637	n/a	0.2498	590	n/a
ENGIE 2022	0.2483	0.40	0.35	0.4962	686	n/a	0.32	24921	n/a	0.34	4230	n/a	0.5	6624	n/a	0.2417	945	n/a	49.6%	214	n/a	0.22	18	n/a	0.44	926	n/a	0.33	460	n/a	0.4962	3947	n/a	0.49618	670	n/a
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.1965	0.19	0.12	0.155	929	n/a	0.21	13183	n/a	0.186	5377	n/a	0.19	5610	n/a	0.14	442	n/a	25.7%	450	n/a	0.18	18	n/a	0.22	1278	n/a	0.16	499	n/a	0.254	8799	n/a	0.1614	602	n/a
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.2847	0.32	0.33	0.3145	415	n/a	0.38	16216	n/a	0.35	6031	n/a	0.272	4050	n/a	0.44	629	n/a	36.7%	299	n/a	0.21	18	n/a	0.42	1090	n/a	0.078	621	n/a	0.3665	10995	n/a	0.3444	575	n/a
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	-0.0105	0.14	0.46	0.02977	444	n/a	0.096	20853	n/a	0.09	8476	n/a	0.025	6110	n/a	0.128	698	n/a	4.3%	278	n/a	0.22	18	n/a	0.14	1237	n/a	0.54	538	n/a	0.106	26918	n/a	0.0828	680	n/a
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.1972	0.23	0.15	0.1767	876	n/a	0.22	8909	n/a	0.22	7680	n/a	0.214	4577	n/a	0.16	771	n/a	18.4%	451	n/a	0.22	18	n/a	0.24	1167	n/a	0.26	628	n/a	0.279	13350	n/a	0.3298	688	n/a
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.3124	0.32	0.56	0.242	359	n/a	0.61	13112	n/a	0.4	11051	n/a	0.49	2857	n/a	0.5791	512	n/a	15.3%	364	n/a	0.18	18	n/a	0.18	1125	n/a	0.11	551	n/a	0.28	21566	n/a	0.2531	540	n/a
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	0.1884	-0.09	0.30	-0.056	933	n/a	0.0066	22299	n/a	-0.07	19990	n/a	-0.039	4745	n/a	-0.03	746	n/a	-20.2%	339	n/a	-0.25	18	n/a	0.014	1143	n/a	-0.04	446	n/a	-0.054155	23789	n/a	-0.224155	772	n/a
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.26	0.19	0.187	8050	n/a	0.311	10993	n/a	0.23	22942	n/a	0.2	7594	n/a	0.31	1775	n/a	0.368	565	n/a	0.24	18	n/a	0.252	1003	n/a	0.2515	485	n/a	0.323	10662	n/a	0.19092	656	n/a
Acciona SA 2022	not available	0.27	0.16	0.323	554	n/a	0.326	11291	n/a	0.3229	13895	n/a	0.277	6551	n/a	0.2446	944	n/a	0.272	272	n/a	0.15	18	n/a	0.27	985	n/a	0.26	597	n/a	0.288	5811	n/a	0.2717	768	n/a
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.4556	0.43	0.60	0.537	368	n/a	0.6	12427	n/a	0.241	9997	n/a	0.41	2705	n/a	0.59	603	n/a	60.1%	238	n/a	0.18	18	n/a	0.6	845	n/a	0.22	1016	n/a	0.6	6730	n/a	0.178	762	n/a
VERBUND AG 2022	0.5174	0.75	1.42	0.71	376	n/a	0.71	19364	n/a	0.47	20456	n/a	0.7	3315	n/a	2.02	593	n/a	60.5%	448	n/a	0.25	18	n/a	0.71	820	n/a	0.57	548	n/a	0.7098	5654	n/a	0.7847	643	n/a
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0.1456	0.15	0.07	0.1531	487	n/a	0.147	15140	n/a	0.09	2713	n/a	0.15	3020	n/a	0.15	677	n/a	0.146	408	n/a	0.18	18	n/a	0.146	695	n/a	0.18	506	n/a	0.1452	12136	n/a	0.15416	774	n/a
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.22	0.11	0.2314	475	n/a	0.222	3732	n/a	0.2	8544	n/a	0.21	6024	n/a	0.2215	613	n/a	0.222	196	n/a	0.29	18	n/a	0.19	924	n/a	0.2	436	n/a	0.2393	21475	n/a	0.15197	523	n/a
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1686	0.19	0.14	0.178	422	n/a	0.18	4203	n/a	0.18	5870	n/a	0.19	5279	n/a	0.1835	990	n/a	0.312	268	n/a	0.15	18	n/a	0.183	880	n/a	0.14	419	n/a	0.1834	3898	n/a	0.17623	591	n/a
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.1733	0.23	0.17	0.219	439	n/a	0.269	11916	n/a	0.27	2382	n/a	0.27	3447	n/a	0.178	457	n/a	0.207	322	n/a	0.18	18	n/a	0.175	1031	n/a	0.35	562	n/a	0.2267	10590	n/a	0.22695	641	n/a
VINCI 2022	0.4221	0.45	0.30	0.4548	621	n/a	0.59	14822	n/a	0.48	6232	n/a	0.43	4612	n/a	0.43	701	n/a	54.4%	297	n/a	0.22	18	n/a	0.48	1048	n/a	0.36	555	n/a	0.46	17380	n/a	0.4692	626	n/a
BOUYGUES 2022	0.2446	0.79	3.39	0.551	235	n/a	0.54	14576	n/a	0.4	9666	n/a	0.55	2116	n/a	0.53	677	n/a	55.1%	219	n/a	0.23	18	n/a	0.447	845	n/a	0.4	618	n/a	0.45	8097	n/a	4.005	593	n/a
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	0.14	0.16	0.081	1816	n/a	0.15	9668	n/a	0.2	11651	n/a	0.1	5315	n/a	0.09	1096	n/a	0.137	383	n/a	0.25	18	n/a	0.14	949	n/a	0.15	423	n/a	0.092	13723	n/a	0.1409	627	n/a

	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.633	0.422	1.105	nan	nan	nan	0.79	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.999	0.899	2.402	nan	nan	nan	1.70	0.07	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	1.067	0.794	2.355	nan	nan	nan	0.41	0.02	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.574	0.426	0.997	nan	nan	nan	0.62	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	1.240	1.070	3.092	nan	nan	nan	0.66	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.873	0.535	1.441	nan	nan	nan	2.25	0.09	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1.578	0.912	4.976	nan	nan	nan	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	1.120	0.985	3.272	nan	nan	nan	2.86	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.131	2.740	11.746	nan	nan	nan	0.52	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.031	0.875	2.594	nan	nan	nan	4.70	0.20	0.08
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.730	1.354	4.061	nan	nan	nan	0.15	0.01	0.00

q1c: Leverage Trend (Moody's Adjusted)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.95	Deteriorating	320	n/a	Deteriorating	951	n/a	Deteriorating	2561	n/a	Deteriorating	1062	n/a	Deteriorating	399	n/a	Deteriorating	387	n/a	Stable	238	n/a	Deteriorating	769	n/a	Deteriorating	577	n/a	Deteriorating	2396	n/a	Deteriorating	617	n/a
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Improving	1.00	0.00	Improving	547	n/a	Improving	919	n/a	Improving	3877	n/a	Improving	1056	n/a	Improving	530	n/a	Improving	506	n/a	Improving	178	n/a	Improving	752	n/a	Improving	704	n/a	Improving	2047	n/a	Improving	638	n/a
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Stable	-0.55	2.17	Deteriorating	217	n/a	Deteriorating	2006	n/a	Stable	5601	n/a	Deteriorating	1249	n/a	Deteriorating	655	n/a	Stable	344	n/a	Improving	281	n/a	Deteriorating	846	n/a	Stable	807	n/a	Deteriorating	3362	n/a	Deteriorating	371	n/a
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Improving	1.00	0.00	Improving	415	8.361	Improving	1340	9.564	Improving	3537	17.623	Improving	1501	15.817	Improving	532	34.35	Improving	479	6.799	Improving	156	2.392	Improving	941	17.53	Improving	832	7.82	Improving	3174	28.269	Improving	491	2.384
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Stable	0.82	1.28	Improving	324	n/a	Improving	1245	n/a	Stable	3186	n/a	Improving	1309	n/a	Improving	794	n/a	Improving	307	n/a	Stable	196	n/a	Improving	826	n/a	Improving	677	n/a	Improving	1989	n/a	Improving	432	n/a
EDP, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.64	2.56	Improving	414	n/a	Deteriorating	1836	n/a	Improving	4412	n/a	Improving	1555	n/a	Improving	717	n/a	Improving	338	n/a	Improving	271	n/a	Improving	963	n/a	Improving	839	n/a	Improving	2604	n/a	Deteriorating	507	n/a
ENGIE 2022	Deteriorating	-0.36	2.92	Deteriorating	248	n/a	Deteriorating	1169	n/a	Deteriorating	1499	n/a	Deteriorating	1463	n/a	Improving	560	n/a	Improving	324	n/a	Stable	210	n/a	Deteriorating	964	n/a	Deteriorating	688	n/a	Improving	2196	n/a	Deteriorating	450	n/a
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.95	Deteriorating	366	n/a	Deteriorating	1201	n/a	Deteriorating	5735	n/a	Deteriorating	1125	n/a	Deteriorating	415	n/a	Deteriorating	373	n/a	Stable	264	n/a	Deteriorating	990	n/a	Deteriorating	756	n/a	Deteriorating	8196	n/a	Deteriorating	502	n/a
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Improving	0.91	0.95	Improving	420	n/a	Improving	1434	n/a	Improving	1884	n/a	Improving	1141	n/a	Improving	517	n/a	Improving	360	n/a	Stable	16	n/a	Improving	604	n/a	Improving	939	n/a	Improving	2161	n/a	Improving	334	n/a
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	NA	-1.00	0.00	Deteriorating	293	n/a	Deteriorating	1055	n/a	Deteriorating	3940	n/a	Deteriorating	1852	n/a	Deteriorating	727	n/a	Deteriorating	388	n/a	Deteriorating	477	n/a	Deteriorating	806	n/a	Deteriorating	834	n/a	Deteriorating	2597	n/a	Deteriorating	318	n/a
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Deteriorating	-0.09	3.30	Improving	551	n/a	Improving	1746	n/a	Improving	5686	n/a	Deteriorating	1666	n/a	Deteriorating	551	n/a	Improving	640	n/a	Deteriorating	152	n/a	Deteriorating	1081	n/a	Deteriorating	744	n/a	Improving	6127	n/a	Deteriorating	382	n/a
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Improving	0.36	2.92	Improving	285	n/a	Deteriorating	1431	n/a	Improving	1873	n/a	Improving	1694	n/a	Deteriorating	548	n/a	Improving	297	n/a	Stable	167	n/a	Deteriorating	822	n/a	Improving	745	n/a	Improving	3414	n/a	Improving	516	n/a
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Improving	-1.00	0.00	Deteriorating	356	n/a	Deteriorating	814	n/a	Deteriorating	2476	n/a	Deteriorating	927	n/a	Deteriorating	410	n/a	Deteriorating	286	n/a	Deteriorating	213	n/a	Deteriorating	676	n/a	Deteriorating	755	n/a	Deteriorating	1630	n/a	Deteriorating	356	n/a
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Improving	1.00	0.00	Improving	255	n/a	Improving	1205	n/a	Improving	3175	n/a	Improving	952	n/a	Improving	414	n/a	Improving	353	n/a	Improving	366	n/a	Improving	750	n/a	Improving	825	n/a	Improving	2157	n/a	Improving	377	n/a
Acciona SA 2022	Improving	0.82	1.91	Improving	399	n/a	Improving	1387	n/a	Improving	4327	n/a	Improving	1677	n/a	Improving	610	n/a	Improving	372	n/a	Improving	777	n/a	Improving	857	n/a	Improving	994	n/a	Improving	3738	n/a	Deteriorating	557	n/a
Fortum Oyj 2022	Improving	0.73	2.04	Improving	305	n/a	Improving	2193	n/a	Improving	4910	n/a	Improving	1380	n/a	Improving	494	n/a	Improving	244	n/a	Stable	16	n/a	Deteriorating	823	n/a	Improving	576	n/a	Improving	3609	n/a	Improving	468	n/a
VERBUND AG 2022	Improving	0.64	2.56	Improving	234	n/a	Deteriorating	844	n/a	Improving	2808	n/a	Improving	1365	n/a	Deteriorating	571	n/a	Improving	328	n/a	Improving	187	n/a	Improving	668	n/a	Improving	681	n/a	Improving	2108	n/a	Improving	398	n/a
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.09	2.98	Improving	349	n/a	Deteriorating	1416	n/a	Improving	2083	n/a	Deteriorating	1585	n/a	Improving	395	n/a	Deteriorating	432	n/a	Stable	16	n/a	Deteriorating	1069	n/a	Stable	890	n/a	Improving	5871	n/a	Deteriorating	529	n/a
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.64	2.56	Deteriorating	351	n/a	Deteriorating	1655	n/a	Deteriorating	4400	n/a	Deteriorating	1853	n/a	Deteriorating	822	n/a	Deteriorating	358	n/a	Improving	580	n/a	Deteriorating	799	n/a	Improving	718	n/a	Deteriorating	3770	n/a	Deteriorating	329	n/a
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.95	Improving	310	n/a	Improving	1988	n/a	Improving	2654	n/a	Improving	966	n/a	Improving	546	n/a	Improving	385	n/a	Stable	16	n/a	Improving	648	n/a	Improving	584	n/a	Improving	1671	n/a	Improving	426	n/a
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-1.00	0.00	Deteriorating	337	n/a	Deteriorating	1444	n/a	Deteriorating	3579	n/a	Deteriorating	1074	n/a	Deteriorating	1028	n/a	Deteriorating	381	n/a	Deteriorating	329	n/a	Deteriorating	945	n/a	Deteriorating	995	n/a	Deteriorating	2551	n/a	Deteriorating	454	n/a
VINCI 2022	Improving	1.00	0.00	Improving	376	n/a	Improving	1031	n/a	Improving	4696	n/a	Improving	1552	n/a	Improving	522	n/a	Improving	335	n/a	FAIL	161	n/a	Improving	707	n/a	Improving	666	n/a	Improving	2805	n/a	Improving	599	n/a
BOUYGUES 2022	Deteriorating	-1.00	0.00	Deteriorating	397	n/a	Deteriorating	768	n/a	Deteriorating	1699	n/a	Deteriorating	806	n/a	Deteriorating	761	n/a	Deteriorating	372	n/a	Deteriorating	193	n/a	Deteriorating	870	n/a	Deteriorating	557	n/a	Deteriorating	2282	n/a	Deteriorating	352	n/a
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Deteriorating	-0.18	3.10	Improving	505	n/a	Stable	1950	n/a	Deteriorating	11788	n/a	Deteriorating	1770	n/a	Deteriorating	614	n/a	Improving	306	n/a	Deteriorating	322	n/a	Deteriorating	957	n/a	Improving	988	n/a	Improving	3912	n/a	Deteriorating	411	n/a

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.43	0.17	0.88	nan	nan	nan	0.73	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.57	-0.22	1.00	nan	nan	nan	0.52	0.02	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.26	0.09	0.72	nan	nan	nan	0.23	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.17	-0.09	0.51	nan	nan	nan	0.37	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	0.52	-0.09	0.98	nan	nan	nan	0.64	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.39	0.22	0.86	nan	nan	nan	2.27	0.09	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	0.59	0.05	0.88	nan	nan	nan	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.35	-0.26	0.78	nan	nan	nan	2.77	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.35	0.17	0.78	nan	nan	nan	0.55	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	0.52	0.26	0.98	nan	nan	nan	1.97	0.08	0.03
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.35	-0.26	0.78	nan	nan	nan	0.15	0.01	0.00

q2: Suitability

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	771	n/a	Marginally Suitable	878	n/a	Marginally Suitable	4916	n/a	Strongly Suitable	766	n/a	Strongly Suitable	395	n/a	Marginally Suitable	373	n/a	Marginally Suitable	709	n/a	Strongly Suitable	870	n/a	Marginally Suitable	858	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1492	n/a	Strongly Suitable	441	n/a
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.91	0.95	Strongly Suitable	623	n/a	Strongly Suitable	635	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1245	n/a	Strongly Suitable	977	n/a	Strongly Suitable	422	n/a	Strongly Suitable	380	n/a	Marginally Suitable	316	n/a	Strongly Suitable	688	n/a	Strongly Suitable	971	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1507	n/a	Strongly Suitable	355	n/a
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	562	n/a	Marginally Suitable	738	n/a	Marginally Suitable	3283	n/a	Strongly Suitable	894	n/a	Strongly Suitable	546	n/a	Marginally Suitable	473	n/a	Marginally Suitable	378	n/a	Strongly Suitable	868	n/a	Marginally Suitable	855	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1222	n/a	Strongly Suitable	426	n/a
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Marginally Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	330	6.551	Strongly Suitable	738	7.068	Strongly Suitable	1399	7.356	Strongly Suitable	698	8.091	Strongly Suitable	485	15.173	Strongly Suitable	403	8.047	Strongly Suitable	217	3.137	Strongly Suitable	675	17.286	Strongly Suitable	1141	12.52	Strongly Suitable	1358	13.201	Strongly Suitable	238	1.798
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	1.28	Strongly Suitable	603	n/a	Strongly Suitable	605	n/a	Strongly Suitable	3189	n/a	Strongly Suitable	815	n/a	Strongly Suitable	487	n/a	Marginally Suitable	480	n/a	Marginally Suitable	520	n/a	Strongly Suitable	863	n/a	Strongly Suitable	688	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1294	n/a	Strongly Suitable	413	n/a
EDP, S.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	544	n/a	Marginally Suitable	888	n/a	Marginally Suitable	2945	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1034	n/a	Strongly Suitable	546	n/a	Marginally Suitable	461	n/a	Marginally Suitable	428	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1069	n/a	Marginally Suitable	834	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1189	n/a	Strongly Suitable	453	n/a
ENGIE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.45	2.17	Marginally Suitable	329	n/a	Marginally Suitable	965	n/a	Strongly Suitable	4520	n/a	Strongly Suitable	749	n/a	Strongly Suitable	444	n/a	Marginally Suitable	483	n/a	Marginally Suitable	488	n/a	Strongly Suitable	773	n/a	Not Suitable	1139	n/a	Strongly Suitable	845	n/a	Strongly Suitable	365	n/a
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.91	0.95	Strongly Suitable	374	n/a	Strongly Suitable	936	n/a	Strongly Suitable	2485	n/a	Strongly Suitable	735	n/a	Strongly Suitable	531	n/a	Strongly Suitable	494	n/a	Marginally Suitable	641	n/a	Strongly Suitable	861	n/a	Strongly Suitable	735	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1436	n/a	Strongly Suitable	333	n/a
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.64	1.60	Strongly Suitable	637	n/a	Marginally Suitable	972	n/a	Strongly Suitable	2731	n/a	Strongly Suitable	951	n/a	Strongly Suitable	434	n/a	Marginally Suitable	530	n/a	Marginally Suitable	400	n/a	Strongly Suitable	961	n/a	Marginally Suitable	804	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1763	n/a	Strongly Suitable	368	n/a
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	719	n/a	Marginally Suitable	746	n/a	Marginally Suitable	6787	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1177	n/a	Strongly Suitable	465	n/a	Marginally Suitable	399	n/a	Marginally Suitable	375	n/a	Strongly Suitable	807	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1307	n/a	Strongly Suitable	956	n/a	Strongly Suitable	375	n/a
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.64	1.60	Marginally Suitable	507	n/a	Strongly Suitable	700	n/a	Marginally Suitable	5964	n/a	Strongly Suitable	875	n/a	Strongly Suitable	548	n/a	Marginally Suitable	409	n/a	Marginally Suitable	399	n/a	Strongly Suitable	835	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1184	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1513	n/a	Strongly Suitable	372	n/a
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	524	n/a	Strongly Suitable	834	n/a	Strongly Suitable	3570	n/a	Strongly Suitable	713	n/a	Strongly Suitable	429	n/a	Strongly Suitable	465	n/a	Strongly Suitable	229	n/a	Strongly Suitable	713	n/a	Strongly Suitable	974	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1009	n/a	Strongly Suitable	426	n/a
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Strongly Suitable	0.64	2.56	Not Suitable	377	n/a	Not Suitable	780	n/a	Not Suitable	1994	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1087	n/a	Strongly Suitable	557	n/a	Marginally Suitable	326	n/a	Not Suitable	270	n/a	Strongly Suitable	928	n/a	Not Suitable	670	n/a	Not Suitable	2099	n/a	Marginally Suitable	536	n/a
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Not Suitable	1.55	1.65	Strongly Suitable	732	n/a	Marginally Suitable	960	n/a	Marginally Suitable	3617	n/a	Strongly Suitable	944	n/a	Strongly Suitable	529	n/a	Marginally Suitable	450	n/a	Marginally Suitable	410	n/a	Strongly Suitable	788	n/a	Marginally Suitable	815	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1992	n/a	Strongly Suitable	402	n/a
Acciona SA 2022	Not Suitable	1.91	0.95	Strongly Suitable	326	n/a	Strongly Suitable	893	n/a	Strongly Suitable	3847	n/a	Strongly Suitable	905	n/a	Strongly Suitable	556	n/a	Strongly Suitable	337	n/a	Marginally Suitable	378	n/a	Strongly Suitable	845	n/a	Strongly Suitable	890	n/a	Strongly Suitable	2317	n/a	Strongly Suitable	414	n/a
Fortum Oyj 2022	Not Suitable	1.09	1.71	Not Suitable	639	n/a	Marginally Suitable	841	n/a	Marginally Suitable	6166	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1525	n/a	Marginally Suitable	587	n/a	Marginally Suitable	370	n/a	Marginally Suitable	175	n/a	Marginally Suitable	915	n/a	Marginally Suitable	942	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1701	n/a	Marginally Suitable	441	n/a
VERBUND AG 2022	Not Suitable	1.91	0.95	Strongly Suitable	227	n/a	Strongly Suitable	831	n/a	Strongly Suitable	4539	n/a	Strongly Suitable	824	n/a	Strongly Suitable	422	n/a	Strongly Suitable	403	n/a	Marginally Suitable	503	n/a	Strongly Suitable	886	n/a	Strongly Suitable	786	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1770	n/a	Strongly Suitable	413	n/a
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Not Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	509	n/a	Marginally Suitable	865	n/a	Marginally Suitable	846	n/a	Strongly Suitable	802	n/a	Strongly Suitable	568	n/a	Marginally Suitable	376	n/a	Marginally Suitable	487	n/a	Strongly Suitable	772	n/a	Marginally Suitable	929	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1617	n/a	Strongly Suitable	393	n/a
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.55	1.65	Strongly Suitable	591	n/a	Marginally Suitable	855	n/a	Marginally Suitable	4521	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1097	n/a	Strongly Suitable	611	n/a	Marginally Suitable	375	n/a	Marginally Suitable	371	n/a	Strongly Suitable	841	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1036	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1170	n/a	Strongly Suitable	380	n/a
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.45	1.65	Marginally Suitable	393	n/a	Marginally Suitable	898	n/a	Marginally Suitable	2967	n/a	Strongly Suitable	964	n/a	Strongly Suitable	584	n/a	Marginally Suitable	430	n/a	Marginally Suitable	358	n/a	Strongly Suitable	808	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1052	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1639	n/a	Strongly Suitable	393	n/a
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.50	1.58	Marginally Suitable	659	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1161	n/a	Marginally Suitable	3362	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1620	n/a	Strongly Suitable	440	n/a	Marginally Suitable	477	n/a	FAIL	12	n/a	Strongly Suitable	905	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1029	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1733	n/a	Strongly Suitable	409	n/a
VINCI 2022	Not Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	281	n/a	Strongly Suitable	827	n/a	Strongly Suitable	2535	n/a	Strongly Suitable	673	n/a	Strongly Suitable	439	n/a	Strongly Suitable	404	n/a	FAIL	135	n/a	Strongly Suitable	858	n/a	Strongly Suitable	690	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1595	n/a	Strongly Suitable	409	n/a
BOUYGUES 2022	Not Suitable	1.64	1.60	Marginally Suitable	431	n/a	Marginally Suitable	899	n/a	Strongly Suitable	2370	n/a	Strongly Suitable	713	n/a	Strongly Suitable	413	n/a	Marginally Suitable	360	n/a	Strongly Suitable	435	n/a	Strongly Suitable	864	n/a	Marginally Suitable	887	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1453	n/a	Strongly Suitable	450	n/a
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Not Suitable	1.36	2.13	Marginally Suitable	422	n/a	Marginally Suitable	700	n/a	Marginally Suitable	5114	n/a	Marginally Suitable	1236	n/a	Strongly Suitable	600	n/a	Marginally Suitable	493	n/a	Insufficient Data	262	n/a	Strongly Suitable	690	n/a	Strongly Suitable	949	n/a	Strongly Suitable	1600	n/a	Strongly Suitable	443	n/a

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.92	0.33	1.15	nan	nan	nan	0.74	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.79	0.29	1.06	nan	nan	nan	0.47	0.02	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.88	0.38	1.14	nan	nan	nan	0.22	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.96	0.88	1.24	nan	nan	nan	0.34	0.01	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	0.92	0.92	1.22	nan	nan	nan	0.63	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.83	0.25	1.04	nan	nan	nan	2.31	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	2	0.77	-0.05	0.98	nan	nan	nan	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.92	0.92	1.22	nan	nan	nan	2.78	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.88	0.29	1.17	nan	nan	nan	0.57	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	1.04	0.88	1.34	nan	nan	nan	1.49	0.06	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.96	0.88	1.24	nan	nan	nan	0.15	0.01	0.00

q3: Size

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	50%	0.23	0.24	25%	512	7.718	25%	1004	10.332	25%	12302	74.518	25%	1814	20.656	25%	599	28.511	25%	366	8.157	25%	513	6.347	25%	784	21.711	25%	975	10.911	0%	2561	27.254	25%	473	2.742
ENI S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.20	0.32	25%	424	8.63	25%	1134	13.146	25%	7029	49.736	25%	2607	28.606	25%	638	27.221	25%	410	10.028	0%	378	4.346	25%	770	20.064	25%	962	10.818	0%	3098	32.257	25%	451	2.927
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.20	0.32	25%	383	5.013	25%	980	9.517	25%	5180	26.046	25%	1080	10.257	25%	555	23.998	25%	454	8.658	0%	188	3.667	25%	730	19.847	25%	1044	10.756	0%	2040	22.27	25%	509	2.799
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	25%	0.23	0.24	25%	688	8.516	25%	917	10.698	25%	7658	41.438	25%	1956	19.836	25%	590	22.297	25%	349	7.624	25%	350	5.026	25%	729	20.559	25%	1117	13.323	0%	3629	39.348	25%	354	2.373
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	50%	0.18	0.37	25%	303	8.461	25%	1199	14.462	0%	6028	37.927	25%	1213	13.371	25%	640	26.281	25%	443	8.58	25%	388	4.146	25%	687	18.58	25%	974	10.732	0%	1596	19.459	0%	507	3.14
EDP, S.A. 2022	50%	0.18	0.37	25%	431	6.312	25%	1299	16.882	25%	1918	17.247	25%	1303	14.106	0%	540	21.751	25%	342	7.962	0%	97	2.19	25%	723	21.258	25%	1217	14.1	0%	1494	15.999	25%	354	2.303
ENGIE 2022	50%	0.25	0.35	25%	439	5.698	25%	956	11.571	25%	1976	12.829	25%	1806	17.89	25%	569	22.94	25%	369	7.795	50%	277	3.915	25%	680	19.154	25%	1020	11.832	0%	3713	39.391	25%	522	2.936
IBERDROLA SA 2022	75%	0.23	0.43	25%	486	6.847	25%	1032	16.05	25%	4826	28.872	0%	1971	19.322	25%	726	43.443	25%	399	8.596	25%	292	3.825	25%	719	19.926	50%	1097	11.896	0%	2541	26.652	25%	420	2.456
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	25%	0.20	0.32	25%	481	7.555	25%	1067	14.17	25%	2719	17.881	25%	1289	13.513	25%	509	17.814	25%	456	9.951	0%	267	3.299	25%	718	18.146	25%	1011	11.964	0%	2706	26.221	25%	455	2.395
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	50%	0.25	0.35	25%	571	8.896	50%	902	8.909	25%	3331	18.915	25%	1687	18.728	25%	647	21.759	25%	373	9.362	25%	176	3.019	25%	761	21.168	25%	1469	15.5	0%	9981	89.001	25%	506	2.725
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	50%	0.25	0.35	25%	1013	12.575	25%	1053	16.658	25%	4094	30.555	25%	1135	12.741	25%	654	23.096	25%	358	8.883	50%	558	6.414	25%	695	21.543	25%	1468	16.112	0%	1081	12.11	25%	465	2.852
ØRSTED A/S 2022	50%	0.23	0.24	25%	404	6.202	25%	1052	14.36	25%	3767	24.179	25%	1766	17.554	25%	495	19.271	25%	339	7.258	25%	188	3.787	25%	838	21.606	25%	896	9.278	0%	3391	36.36	25%	324	3.742
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	75%	0.28	0.43	25%	587	10.377	25%	903	12.912	25%	5285	29.952	25%	1331	15.792	50%	583	31.329	25%	260	5.909	FAIL	153	2.846	25%	899	24.668	25%	1033	12.33	0%	1575	16.624	50%	385	2.406
ERG S.P.A. 2022	0%	0.27	0.43	25%	422	6.574	50%	913	9.15	25%	3642	28.47	25%	1245	14.608	25%	652	37.162	25%	422	8.836	50%	76	1.772	25%	781	21.972	25%	866	9.68	0%	2227	25.053	25%	432	2.495
Acciona SA 2022	0%	0.25	0.50	25%	365	6.316	50%	963	11.719	25%	3075	26.865	25%	1453	14.957	25%	515	27.694	25%	380	9.116	0%	146	2.182	25%	803	21.814	25%	967	10.425	0%	2734	29.328	50%	423	3.537
Fortum Oyj 2022	0%	0.23	0.43	0%	997	15.11	25%	857	8.429	25%	2228	11.626	25%	1464	16.301	25%	549	36.541	25%	389	9.411	50%	231	3.714	25%	740	20.401	25%	1081	11.965	0%	1811	18.75	25%	330	2.204
VERBUND AG 2022	0%	0.18	0.37	25%	626	9.025	25%	779	10.252	25%	5531	32.531	0%	1424	14.868	25%	557	18.478	25%	418	8.58	25%	245	3.761	25%	652	18.547	25%	1129	12.638	0%	1611	17.181	0%	469	2.559
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0%	0.25	0.35	25%	496	8.911	50%	919	11.956	25%	7096	55.344	25%	1807	20.045	25%	835	29.132	25%	380	8.342	FAIL	198	2.911	25%	711	18.315	25%	930	11.106	0%	2176	20.447	25%	446	2.531
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.23	0.43	25%	455	7.627	50%	936	10.071	25%	2929	19.229	25%	1235	13.525	25%	543	16.227	25%	394	9.319	0%	66	1.672	25%	749	21.853	25%	1085	11.966	0%	1691	18.806	25%	468	2.754
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	25%	0.23	0.24	25%	393	7.19	25%	848	10.108	25%	4420	26.399	25%	2057	19.811	25%	558	17.726	25%	364	8.184	FAIL	198	2.726	25%	601	18.181	25%	1161	12.514	0%	1554	17.845	25%	346	2.388
HERA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.20	0.32	25%	818	13.38	25%	1007	13.524	25%	7027	39.046	25%	1292	13.895	25%	593	17.625	25%	351	7.316	0%	201	2.615	25%	693	20.741	25%	1129	12.013	0%	2660	26.02	25%	460	2.6
VINCI 2022	0%	0.23	0.43	25%	484	9.079	25%	988	13.835	25%	5546	34.24	25%	1176	13.066	25%	603	24.642	25%	417	9.698	50%	16	1.218	25%	725	21.597	0%	914	10.932	0%	1905	20.896	25%	452	3.449
BOUYGUES 2022	0%	0.18	0.37	25%	816	12.728	25%	1044	12.138	25%	6081	36.692	0%	1207	13.932	25%	512	18.513	25%	288	6.593	0%	117	2.166	25%	703	20.629	25%	995	10.666	0%	2132	27.249	25%	511	2.641
FERROVIAL SA 2022	0%	0.23	0.24	25%	439	7.275	25%	884	10.188	25%	3611	27.563	25%	1094	12.885	25%	524	30.61	25%	334	7.952	FAIL	164	2.435	25%	636	18.757	25%	1146	13.55	0%	1668	18.762	25%	451	3.356

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.188	-0.042	0.239	206.02	8.58	2.58	0.77	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.229	0.021	0.289	291.04	12.13	2.47	0.49	0.02	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.208	-0.042	0.260	748.10	31.17	14.12	0.26	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.188	-0.062	0.260	390.26	16.26	3.88	0.39	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	0.198	-0.031	0.245	604.06	25.17	7.00	0.66	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.198	-0.031	0.245	202.11	8.42	1.02	2.34	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	4	0.250	-0.075	0.306	80.00	3.33	1.32	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.198	-0.031	0.245	491.04	20.46	1.59	2.78	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.177	-0.031	0.222	287.01	11.96	1.66	0.60	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	0.281	-0.281	0.372	643.28	26.80	15.14	1.82	0.08	0.02
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.198	-0.031	0.255	66.31	2.76	0.42	0.15	0.01	0.00