I need to estimate the FFO / Net Debt ratio for 2022. **Step 1: Estimate FFO (Funds From Operations)** FFO is typically calculated as net income plus depreciation & amortization plus impairment losses minus reversal of impairment losses, adjusted for non-cash items. A common approach for utility companies: FFO ≈ Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Impairment Losses - Reversal of Impairment Losses + Other non-cash adjustments For the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01 (i.e., fiscal year 2022): - Profit Loss: 1,948,767,000 EUR - Depreciation & Amortization: 462,694,000 EUR - Impairment Loss: 197,761,000 EUR - Reversal of Impairment Loss: 125,973,000 EUR - Valuation and Realisation of Energy Derivatives: -857,961,000 EUR (this is a non-cash item that should be added back) - Wertminderungen (impairments on investments): 46,455,000 EUR - Wertaufholungen (reversals on investments): 0 EUR Actually, let me use a simpler and more standard approach. FFO for a utility is often approximated as: FFO = Cash Flows from Operating Activities - changes in working capital Looking at the cash flow statement, the operating cash flow is 2,019,859,000 EUR. But FFO typically excludes working capital changes. From the cash flow data: - Operating Cash Flow: 2,019,859,000 - The "Subtotal" before working capital changes: 2,516,130,000 FFO is often approximated by the subtotal before working capital changes, which represents cash earnings before working capital movements. So FFO ≈ 2,516,130,000 EUR. Alternatively, a simpler approach: FFO = EBITDA - Interest Expense - Income Tax Expense = 3,160,679,000 - 101,703,000 - 583,352,000 = 2,475,624,000 EUR I'll use the subtotal from cash flow (2,516,130,000) as it's a more direct FFO measure. **Step 2: Calculate Net Debt** Net Debt = Total Financial Liabilities - Cash and Cash Equivalents At 2023-01-01 (end of 2022): - Noncurrent Financial Liabilities: 2,844,559,000 EUR - Current Financial Liabilities: 1,109,297,000 EUR - Total Financial Liabilities: 3,953,856,000 EUR - Cash and Cash Equivalents: 409,252,000 EUR Net Debt = 3,953,856,000 - 409,252,000 = 3,544,604,000 EUR **Step 3: Calculate FFO / Net Debt** FFO / Net Debt = 2,516,130,000 / 3,544,604,000 ≈ 0.710 Let me also check with the simpler EBITDA-based FFO: 2,475,624,000 / 3,544,604,000 ≈ 0.698 The ratio is approximately 0.71. 0.71