Let’s work through this step by step. **1. Identify relevant items for FFO (Funds From Operations)** FFO typically starts from **Profit Loss From Operating Activities** and adjusts for non-cash items, taxes, and interest, but a simpler proxy in absence of a clear FFO definition is: - **EBITDA** (Operating profit + Depreciation/Amortization/Impairment) is commonly used to approximate operating cash flow before working capital changes. From the data: - Profit Loss From Operating Activities (2022): 11,193,000,000 EUR - Depreciation, Amortisation, and Impairment (2022): 7,447,000,000 EUR So, **EBITDA** = 11,193,000,000 + 7,447,000,000 = **18,640,000,000 EUR** **2. Net Debt Calculation** Net Debt = **Total Borrowings (short + long) – Cash and Cash Equivalents** Long-term borrowings (non-current) 2023-01-01: 68,191,000,000 Current portion of long-term borrowings: 2,835,000,000 Short-term borrowings: 18,392,000,000 **Total Debt** = 68,191,000,000 + 2,835,000,000 + 18,392,000,000 = **89,418,000,000 EUR** Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01) = 11,041,000,000 EUR **Net Debt** = 89,418,000,000 – 11,041,000,000 = **78,377,000,000 EUR** **3. FFO / Net Debt** = 18,640,000,000 / 78,377,000,000 ≈ **0.2378** So the ratio is ~0.238. 0.238