FFO / Net debt is typically estimated as: - **FFO (Funds From Operations)** ≈ Cash flows from operating activities before working-capital movements, or a simplified proxy using operating cash flow if detailed working-capital adjustments are not available. - **Net debt** ≈ Borrowings − cash and cash equivalents. From the provided 2022 data: **Operating cash flow / FFO proxy** - Cash flows from operating activities = **€613,466,000** **Debt** - Long-term borrowings = **€1,695,362,000** - Current borrowings and current portion of non-current borrowings = **€638,944,000** - Gross debt = 1,695,362,000 + 638,944,000 = **€2,334,306,000** **Cash** - Cash and cash equivalents = **€365,292,000** **Net debt** - Net debt = 2,334,306,000 − 365,292,000 = **€1,969,014,000** **FFO / Net debt** - 613,466,000 / 1,969,014,000 = **0.3116**, or about **31.2%** 0.312