To estimate the FFO / Net debt ratio for VINCI for the year 2022, we first define the components based on the provided financial data. 1. **FFO (Funds From Operations)**: In standard corporate reporting, FFO is often approximated by "Cash Flows From Used In Operations" or "Cash Flows From Used In Operations Before Changes In Working Capital." Using the latter (which is the standard metric for recurring operational cash generation): - "Cash Flows From Used In Operations Before Changes In Working Capital" = 10,215,000,000 EUR. 2. **Net Debt**: Net debt is calculated as total financial liabilities minus cash and cash equivalents. - **Financial Liabilities**: - Noncurrent portion of noncurrent bonds issued: 22,212,000,000 EUR - Noncurrent portion of other noncurrent borrowings: 2,757,000,000 EUR - Noncurrent lease liabilities: 1,574,000,000 EUR - Shortterm borrowings: 5,769,000,000 EUR - Current lease liabilities: 524,000,000 EUR *Note: We exclude derivative financial liabilities as they represent hedging/fair value adjustments, not core debt.* - Total Debt = 22,212 + 2,757 + 1,574 + 5,769 + 524 = 32,836,000,000 EUR. - **Cash and Cash Equivalents**: - Cash And Cash Equivalents = 11,065,000,000 EUR. - **Net Debt** = Total Debt - Cash = 32,836,000,000 - 11,065,000,000 = 21,771,000,000 EUR. 3. **FFO / Net Debt Ratio**: - Ratio = 10,215,000,000 / 21,771,000,000 ≈ 0.4692. Using the conservative cash flow metric (Operating Cash Flow of 9,387,000,000 EUR instead of the before-working-capital figure), the ratio would be 9,387 / 21,771 ≈ 0.431. Given standard financial analyst practice for VINCI's reporting structure, the ratio calculated using the "Cash Flows From Used In Operations Before Changes In Working Capital" is the standard denominator approach for FFO. 0.4692