First, I need to calculate **Funds From Operations (FFO)** and **Net Debt** for the 2022 fiscal year (2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01). **FFO calculation** A common approach is: FFO = Net Income + Depreciation & Amortization + Other non-cash items – Gains from asset sales (or + Losses) From the data: - Profit/Loss for 2022: -879,000,000 EUR - Depreciation and Amortisation Expense: 1,233,000,000 EUR - Other Gains/Losses: -38,000,000 EUR (this is a loss, so it reduces cash flow) - Adjustments for Losses/Gains on Disposal of Noncurrent Assets: 38,000,000 EUR (a non-cash loss that should be added back) For simplicity, I’ll use: FFO = -879,000,000 + 1,233,000,000 + 38,000,000 FFO = 392,000,000 EUR **Net Debt calculation** Net Debt = Long-term Borrowings + Short-term Borrowings + Current Bank Overdrafts – Cash and Cash Equivalents Using the 2023-01-01 figures (end of 2022): - Long-term Borrowings: 19,006,000,000 EUR - Short-term Borrowings: 709,000,000 EUR - Current Bank Overdrafts: 0 EUR - Cash and Cash Equivalents: 6,547,000,000 EUR Net Debt = 19,006,000,000 + 709,000,000 + 0 – 6,547,000,000 Net Debt = 13,168,000,000 EUR **FFO / Net Debt ratio** = 392,000,000 / 13,168,000,000 ≈ 0.02977 So, as a percentage, roughly 2.98%. 0.02977