S&P-style net debt is typically approximated from reported financial debt less surplus cash and cash equivalents:

- Noncurrent financial liabilities (2023-01-01): €2,844.559m  
- Current financial liabilities (2023-01-01): €1,109.297m  
- Gross financial debt: €2,844.559m + €1,109.297m = €3,953.856m  
- Cash and cash equivalents (2023-01-01): €409.252m  
- Net debt: €3,953.856m − €409.252m = €3,544.604m  

For 2022 EBITDA:

- EBITDA (2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01): €3,160.679m  

Net Debt / EBITDA:

- €3,544.604m / €3,160.679m = 1.12147x ≈ 1.12x

<answer>1.12</answer>