To estimate Net Debt / EBITDA using an S&P-style approach, use adjusted gross financial debt net of readily available cash, divided by EBITDA.

For 2022 year-end financial debt, include:
- Other noncurrent financial liabilities: €1,751.255m
- Noncurrent lease liabilities: €150.955m
- Other current financial liabilities: €389.716m
- Current lease liabilities: €6.362m

Gross debt estimate:
€1,751.255m + €150.955m + €389.716m + €6.362m = €2,298.288m

Subtract cash and cash equivalents:
- Cash and cash equivalents: €392.811m

Net debt estimate:
€2,298.288m - €392.811m = €1,905.477m

Use 2022 EBITDA:
- Profit/loss from operating activities before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortisation expense: €499.430m

Net Debt / EBITDA:
€1,905.477m / €499.430m = 3.8153

Rounded estimate: 3.82

<answer>3.82</answer>