To estimate the Net Debt / EBITDA ratio for 2022 based on the S&P methodology, we need to calculate the Net Debt and the EBITDA for the period ending 2022-12-31 (reported as 2023-01-01). **Step 1: Calculate EBITDA** S&P calculates EBITDA starting from the reported "Profit Loss From Operating Activities" and adding back Depreciation, Amortization, and Impairment/Reversal of Impairment. - Profit Loss From Operating Activities (2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01): 11,193,000,000 EUR - Depreciation Amortisation And Impairment Loss Reversal Of Impairment Loss Recognised In Profit Or Loss (2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01): 7,447,000,000 EUR EBITDA = 11,193,000,000 + 7,447,000,000 = 18,640,000,000 EUR **Step 2: Calculate Net Debt** Under S&P methodology, Net Debt is calculated as Total Debt (Short-term + Long-term borrowings) minus Cash and Cash Equivalents. - Longterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 68,191,000,000 EUR - Shortterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 18,392,000,000 EUR - Current Portion Of Longterm Borrowings (2023-01-01): 2,835,000,000 EUR - Cash And Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01): 11,041,000,000 EUR Total Debt = 68,191,000,000 + 18,392,000,000 + 2,835,000,000 = 89,418,000,000 EUR Net Debt = 89,418,000,000 - 11,041,000,000 = 78,377,000,000 EUR **Step 3: Calculate Net Debt / EBITDA Ratio** Net Debt / EBITDA = 78,377,000,000 / 18,640,000,000 ≈ 4.2043 4.20