To estimate **Net Debt / EBITDA** for 2022 under a simplified S&P-style approach:

1. **Debt**
   - Short-term financial liabilities excluding other current financial liabilities: €142.437m
   - Other current financial liabilities: €0.290m
   - Long-term financial liabilities excluding other non-current financial liabilities: €6,402.913m
   - Other noncurrent financial liabilities: €0.034m

   Total financial debt ≈  
   142.437 + 0.290 + 6,402.913 + 0.034 = **€6,545.674m**

2. **Cash and cash equivalents**
   - Cash and cash equivalents at 2023-01-01: **€451.946m**

3. **Net debt**
   - Net debt = Total financial debt − Cash  
   - 6,545.674 − 451.946 = **€6,093.728m**

4. **EBITDA**
   - Profit from operating activities: €641.338m
   - Depreciation, amortisation and impairment: €479.186m

   EBITDA ≈ 641.338 + 479.186 = **€1,120.524m**

5. **Net Debt / EBITDA**
   - 6,093.728 / 1,120.524 ≈ **5.44**

<answer>5.44</answer>