To estimate the Net Debt / EBITDA ratio for 2022 based on the S&P methodology, I need to calculate:

1.  **EBITDA** for the period 2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01 (FY2022).
2.  **Net Debt** as of 2023-01-01.

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**Step 1: Calculate EBITDA**

S&P typically calculates EBITDA starting from operating profit (or EBIT) and adding back depreciation and amortization. Here, "Profit Loss From Operating Activities" is given.
The values for FY2022 are:
*   Operating Profit: 961,554,000 EUR
*   Depreciation and Amortisation Expense: 544,992,000 EUR

EBITDA = 961,554,000 + 544,992,000 = 1,506,546,000 EUR.

*(Note: Sometimes S&P adjusts for other items like impairments, but the "Deterioro YResultado Por Enajenaciones Del Inmovilizado" is only 488,000 EUR and "Imputacion De Subvenciones..." is 15,780,000 EUR. For standard calculation without specific adjustment notes, operating profit + D&A is standard. I'll stick to Operating Profit + Depreciation.)*

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**Step 2: Calculate Net Debt**

S&P Net Debt usually includes:
*   **Gross Debt:**
    *   Long-term Borrowings (Noncurrent Financial Liabilities): 5,543,755,000 EUR
    *   Current Borrowings and Current Portion of Noncurrent Borrowings: 721,845,000 EUR
    *   (Sometimes derivatives are included, but usually the focus is on drawn debt. I'll sum the core borrowings.)
    *   Gross Debt = 5,543,755,000 + 721,845,000 = 6,265,600,000 EUR.

*   **Less: Cash and Equivalents:**
    *   Cash and Cash Equivalents: 794,824,000 EUR

*   **Less: Current Financial Assets (if highly liquid and readily convertible, S&P often deducts them).** The "Other Current Financial Assets" (Current Financial Assets At Amortised Cost) is 752,505,000 EUR. This is a very large amount, likely short-term deposits/investments. In S&P methodology, these are typically netted against debt if they are marketable and liquid. Let's deduct it.
    *   Adjusted Cash & Liquid Assets = 794,824,000 + 752,505,000 = 1,547,329,000 EUR.

*   **Net Debt:**
    *   Net Debt = 6,265,600,000 - 1,547,329,000 = 4,718,271,000 EUR.

*(Considering Noncurrent Financial Assets: There's also 175,714,000 in "Noncurrent Financial Assets At Amortised Cost". These might not be netted if they aren't liquid. I'll exclude them from netting to be conservative.)*

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**Step 3: Calculate Ratio**

Net Debt / EBITDA = 4,718,271,000 / 1,506,546,000 ≈ 3.13

**Review of Adjustments:**
If S&P only deducts pure "Cash and Cash Equivalents" (794,824,000) and not the "Other Current Financial Assets" (752,505,000), Net Debt would be 6,265,600,000 - 794,824,000 = 5,470,776,000.
Ratio = 5,470,776,000 / 1,506,546,000 ≈ 3.63.

Given standard S&P practice, they usually deduct "marketable securities" and short-term deposits, which the 752M likely represents, resulting in the lower figure. I'll go with the ~3.13 figure as it uses a broad net calculation typical of rating agencies.

**Final Ratio:** 3.13

<answer>3.13</answer>