To estimate the FFO (Funds From Operations) / Net Debt ratio for ENI S.p.A. at the end of 2022 (as of 2023-01-01), we define the components based on the provided financial data: 1. **Funds From Operations (FFO):** FFO is typically calculated as Cash Flows from Operating Activities adjusted for changes in working capital. Given the provided data, we use the "Cash Flows From Used In Operating Activities" (17,460,000,000 EUR) and subtract the "Increase Decrease In Working Capital" (1,279,000,000 EUR) to isolate the operating cash generation. * FFO = 17,460,000,000 - 1,279,000,000 = 16,181,000,000 EUR. 2. **Net Debt:** Net debt is calculated as total interest-bearing debt (short-term borrowings, current portion of long-term borrowings, and long-term borrowings) minus cash and cash equivalents. * Short-term borrowings (2023-01-01): 4,446,000,000 EUR * Current portion of long-term borrowings (2023-01-01): 3,097,000,000 EUR * Long-term borrowings (2023-01-01): 19,374,000,000 EUR * Total Debt = 4,446,000,000 + 3,097,000,000 + 19,374,000,000 = 26,917,000,000 EUR * Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01): 10,155,000,000 EUR * Net Debt = 26,917,000,000 - 10,155,000,000 = 16,762,000,000 EUR 3. **FFO / Net Debt Ratio:** * Ratio = 16,181,000,000 / 16,762,000,000 ≈ 0.9653 0.9653