To estimate the FFO (Funds From Operations) / Net Debt ratio for EDP, S.A. for the year 2022 (ending Dec 31, 2022/Jan 1, 2023), we follow these steps: **1. Calculate FFO (Funds From Operations):** FFO is typically calculated as Cash Flows from Operating Activities adjusted for certain non-cash items, or defined in credit metrics as EBITDA minus current taxes, minus interest paid. Given the provided data, we use the "Cash Flows From Used In Operating Activities" (3,777,785,000 EUR). Standard FFO typically adds back non-cash adjustments (like depreciation/amortization) to the net profit, but for credit analysis, we often look at the Cash Flow from Operations (CFO). However, a common analyst approach for utility FFO is: CFO - Working Capital Changes + Maintenance Capex. Using the provided cash flow components: * Cash Flows from Operating Activities (2022): 3,777,785,000 EUR. **2. Calculate Net Debt:** Net Debt is calculated as Total Debt (Borrowings) minus Cash and Cash Equivalents. * Long-term Borrowings (2023-01-01): 15,782,604,000 EUR * Current Borrowings and Current Portion of Noncurrent Borrowings (2023-01-01): 4,239,869,000 EUR * Total Debt = 15,782,604,000 + 4,239,869,000 = 20,022,473,000 EUR * Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01): 4,900,205,000 EUR * Net Debt = 20,022,473,000 - 4,900,205,000 = 15,122,268,000 EUR **3. Calculate FFO / Net Debt Ratio:** * Ratio = FFO / Net Debt * Ratio = 3,777,785,000 / 15,122,268,000 ≈ 0.2498 (Note: Variations in the definition of FFO exist; using the reported Cash Flows from Operating Activities provides a standard proxy for the numerator). 0.2498