To estimate the FFO / Net Debt ratio for Acciona SA at the end of 2022, we need to calculate both the Funds From Operations (FFO) and the Net Debt for the fiscal year 2022 (ending on 2023-01-01). 1. **FFO (Funds From Operations) Calculation:** Real estate and infrastructure analysts typically define FFO as: FFO = Profit Loss + Depreciation & Amortization + Impairment Losses From the income statement data for 2022 (2022-01-01 to 2023-01-01): - Profit Loss = 615,000,000 EUR - Depreciation, Amortization, and Provision Variations ("Dotacion Amortizacion YVariacion De Provisiones") = 762,000,000 EUR - Impairment Loss / Reversal ("Impairment Loss Reversal Of Impairment Loss Recognised In Profit Or Loss") = -15,000,000 EUR (This represents a net reversal, meaning we subtract it from FFO, or equivalently, we add the net impairment of -15M). FFO = 615,000,000 + 762,000,000 + (-15,000,000) = 1,362,000,000 EUR. *(Note: Using the direct cash flow method for FFO: Operating Cash Flow - Interest Paid - Income Taxes Paid = 1,648,000,000 - 209,000,000 - 215,000,000 = 1,224,000,000 EUR, but standard balance sheet leverage ratios prefer the income statement approach.)* 2. **Net Debt Calculation:** Net Debt = Total Financial Debt - Cash & Cash Equivalents Total Financial Debt is the sum of current and noncurrent borrowings and lease liabilities (excluding operational payables and provisions). - Noncurrent Loans Received = 2,624,000,000 EUR - Noncurrent Lease Liabilities = 439,000,000 EUR - Current Loans Received and Current Portion of Noncurrent Loans = 553,000,000 EUR - Current Lease Liabilities = 72,000,000 EUR Total Financial Debt = 2,624,000,000 + 439,000,000 + 553,000,000 + 72,000,000 = 3,688,000,000 EUR. *(Note: "Participaciones Preferentes Obligaciones..." are Spanish terms typically translating to preference shares and non-current/current negotiable bonds/debt. If included as financial debt, total debt = 3,688,000,000 + 3,101,000,000 + 1,139,000,000 = 7,928,000,000 EUR. Standard leverage ratios exclude these preference shares/complex hybrid instruments or treat them as equity, but using the broader debt definition is standard for utility Net Debt). Let's use the total financial debt including bonds. Cash and Cash Equivalents (2023-01-01) = 2,360,000,000 EUR. Net Debt (Standard Loans/Leases only) = 3,688,000,000 - 2,360,000,000 = 1,328,000,000 EUR. Net Debt (Including Bonds) = 7,928,000,000 - 2,360,000,000 = 5,568,000,000 EUR. 3. **FFO / Net Debt Ratio:** If using standard loans/leases Net Debt: 1,362,000,000 / 1,328,000,000 = 1.0256 If using total financial debt (incl. bonds) Net Debt: 1,362,000,000 / 5,568,000,000 = 0.2446 Given that Acciona is a Spanish infrastructure/utility company, their "Net Debt" officially reported typically includes the commercial paper and bonds categorized under "Participaciones Preferentes Obligaciones YOtros Valores Negociables". This yields a Net Debt of 5,568,000,000 EUR. Let's provide the calculation with this broader, more standard utility definition of Net Debt. Ratio = 1,362,000,000 / 5,568,000,000 = 0.24457... 0.2446