Results

q1a: S&P Net Debt / EBITDA (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	4.84	4.14	0.46	4.2	445	35.742	4.2	7579	76.677	4.2	3478	19.618	4.06	5715	66.266	4.2	476	11.014	4.2	357	8.017	2.9	18	1.235	4.4	1053	21.907	4.21	628	59.104	4.8	11185	88.043	4.2	671	2.58
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.95	0.86	0.44	0.452	447	35.558	0.82	9572	186.059	0.73	9952	65.979	0.82	3529	42.704	0.68	476	17.743	0.82	363	5.363	2.1	18	1.382	0.5	2014	43.177	0.88	611	4.942	1.0	15306	120.836	0.63	840	3.254
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	3.47	3.22	0.94	2.86	294	24.323	2.86	821	15.299	2.86	2318	14.845	3.03	3612	58.832	2.86	375	12.058	2.86	177	3.477	6.0	18	1.015	2.86	1094	25.353	2.86	421	3.485	3.5003322259136214	18112	145.78	2.86	392	1.679
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	4.35	4.21	0.72	4.06	438	13.593	4.18	6236	106.456	4.06	8282	109.503	4.33	2684	45.844	4.16	565	16.255	4.18	342	5.374	2.8	18	1.598	4.3	1077	21.386	5.92	482	3.559	4.45	6114	48.154	3.86	630	2.484
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	3.21	3.56	0.56	3.63	495	12.269	4.28	5904	51.827	4.28	4916	25.769	3.1	4193	45.594	3.79	519	10.624	3.79	350	6.947	2.4	18	2.211	3.2	2031	36.065	3.81	463	3.665	3.1	12256	93.498	3.7924	538	2.205
EDP, S.A. 2022	-8.22	3.74	0.71	5.319	1953	75.117	3.35	6278	76.501	3.35	12591	100.042	4.12	6363	89.356	2.83	673	18.769	3.64	327	5.263	~2.1x	20	1.754	3.4	1496	33.4	3.65	749	6.566	4.42	16705	130.028	3.34	556	2.493
ENGIE 2022	3.25	2.70	0.57	2.04	270	12.457	2.6	8924	183.528	2.64	22247	112.952	2.35	4488	63.895	2.35	664	24.216	2.64	269	4.463	2.6	18	1.611	2.6	1345	27.327	4.3	468	3.655	2.7	12304	111.003	2.86	556	2.051
IBERDROLA SA 2022	3.91	4.04	1.06	3.408	390	13.838	4.44	8029	173.226	4.53	10996	69.908	3.88	5660	73.157	4.89	963	41.131	4.89	246	5.048	1.4	18	1.398	3.4	1582	33.817	4.89	566	4.395	3.8	21484	155.205	4.89	482	2.3
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	2.67	2.57	0.37	2.48	272	32.114	2.48	3531	37.684	2.49	2464	17.042	2.48	1732	19.342	2.18	378	11.816	2.48	241	5.094	2.6	18	1.603	2.5	631	14.626	3.64	466	3.967	2.49	11815	97.897	2.486	747	2.958
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	83.85	37.08	25.50	56.9	515	37.551	54.07	8770	92.393	54.1	16489	83.902	2.01	7139	120.177	54.04	558	15.092	54.1	250	4.827	-2.24	18	1.08	9.5	8104	162.736	11.8	461	3.57	56.68	13120	108.404	56.93	658	2.563
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	3.92	3.61	0.34	3.18	424	20.121	3.6	13393	151.236	3.58	8437	48.97	3.96	7089	85.908	3.9	792	25.925	3.63	386	5.554	4.1	18	1.336	3.8	1208	30.079	3.06	526	4.838	3.63	21824	166.08	3.22	697	2.679
ØRSTED A/S 2022	2.5	1.61	0.33	1.73	301	10.347	1.73	877	16.631	0.94	5221	21.044	2.04	3358	38.134	1.47	754	19.163	1.73	240	4.547	1.14	18	1.361	2.0	1080	22.525	1.47	482	4.45	1.74	12107	95.487	1.7272	551	2.427
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	4.06	-17.36	17.94	-26.46	301	21.531	-26.46	8927	152.658	-24.75	8230	51.158	-30.75	4494	64.026	26.47	837	22.465	-26.47	299	5.45	6.4	18	1.027	-12.1	1027	24.213	-28.17	477	4.865	-22.2	14364	112.402	-26.46	517	2.143
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	4.07	0.82	3.97	434	11.064	3.82	7422	100.893	3.53	4607	24.435	3.82	2963	36.768	3.65	718	25.56	3.8	273	4.969	6.2	18	1.073	3.8	945	20.65	4.42	528	4.26	3.11	12114	101.46	4.63	679	2.686
Acciona SA 2022	not available	2.69	0.21	2.68	455	13.221	2.66	6723	93.78	2.66	12030	69.027	2.66	6880	75.438	2.18	778	16.592	2.66	280	4.936	2.9	18	1.032	2.64	937	20.855	2.96	614	4.355	2.93	23395	189.459	2.66	631	2.464
Fortum Oyj 2022	1.84	2.61	2.41	1.74	364	20.636	1.59	14877	201.658	1.59	5612	40.019	1.59	2504	39.496	1.587	661	17.303	1.59	214	4.202	9.3	18	1.035	1.6	753	18.6	3.53	541	4.926	0.67	7467	66.667	3.95	618	2.592
VERBUND AG 2022	1.6	1.17	0.32	1.213	574	19.677	1.12	1400	13.56	1.12	3004	18.066	1.12	1679	28.856	0.94	371	11.037	1.12	291	4.895	2.1	18	1.635	1.12	508	10.217	0.94	445	3.198	1.12	6428	51.348	0.942	470	1.909
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	5.58	5.24	0.48	5.44	557	17.391	5.44	6832	83.734	5.43	8106	43.409	5.44	2642	51.565	5.44	546	15.69	5.42	368	6.063	3.9	18	1.88	5.4	903	17.215	4.85	425	3.532	5.5	6661	50.668	5.37	748	2.608
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	3.79	0.36	3.66	248	15.619	4.12	9579	132.071	3.66	2507	12.949	3.99	6092	92.102	3.892	789	16.697	3.73	376	6.202	2.9	18	1.134	4.12	1184	22.853	3.79	578	4.656	4.2178	12286	98.696	3.58	549	2.349
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	4.37	4.32	0.71	4.04	738	15.216	4.03	4437	83.181	3.96	8409	46.971	4.03	1358	19.664	4.03	449	10.754	4.03	300	4.171	6.2	18	1.798	4.0	471	9.037	5.14	519	3.75	4.03	8028	65.473	4.0266	585	2.18
HERA S.P.A. 2022	4.23	3.77	0.59	3.66	561	34.648	4.42	10520	140.652	3.66	5509	28.951	4.42	4694	72.691	3.73	652	18.435	3.73	350	5.767	2.3	18	1.309	4.42	774	16.076	3.73	558	4.104	3.7	17930	140.591	3.7255	653	2.59
VINCI 2022	1.89	1.84	0.09	1.86	678	14.193	1.93	8409	107.956	1.84	6564	38.414	1.93	5839	85.906	1.93	504	17.608	1.86	388	5.922	1.8	18	1.182	1.86	643	14.307	1.72	462	3.762	1.86	8087	59.759	1.649	718	2.641
BOUYGUES 2022	3.26	1.75	1.00	1.74	402	15.257	1.6	12444	147.537	1.6	3831	23.491	2.43	5719	88.801	1.58	766	22.625	1.61	168	3.671	3.8	18	1.073	2.2	1200	26.114	0.21	438	3.929	2.25	14165	109.021	0.21	578	2.363
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	6.92	2.79	6.67	792	29.754	9.21	8373	106.363	7.5	9758	55.204	9.21	4863	80.187	2.9	644	21.915	9.3	402	6.681	2.6	18	1.266	7.6	2042	43.064	2.9	462	4.148	9.21	9079	70.436	9.0346	520	2.359

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.630	-0.452	1.736	551.24	22.97	14.18	0.74	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.600	-0.406	1.722	2531.56	105.48	54.92	1.11	0.05	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.607	-0.418	1.636	1141.67	47.57	30.37	0.34	0.01	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.646	-0.488	1.963	1484.71	61.86	25.64	0.59	0.02	0.01
GLM 5.1	0	0.524	0.208	1.292	440.49	18.35	6.75	0.64	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.603	-0.415	1.724	126.90	5.29	1.03	2.22	0.09	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	0.619	0.172	1.064	33.03	1.38	0.32	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.430	-0.284	0.980	715.60	29.82	29.72	3.12	0.13	0.05
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.776	-0.374	1.851	155.68	6.49	11.23	0.52	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	0.529	-0.367	1.501	2476.39	103.18	37.98	4.80	0.20	0.06
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.698	-0.400	1.752	58.56	2.44	0.33	0.15	0.01	0.00

q1b: S&P FFO / Net Debt (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.1567	0.15	0.05	0.183	1922	79.045	0.257	9722	116.381	0.12	15938	100.371	0.15	5349	75.179	13.23%	673	18.923	9.1%	353	6.309	0.2	18	2.376	0.15	1172	28.153	0.13	514	4.744	0.174	8849	72.155	0.07483	716	3.081
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.6593	1.06	0.36	1.502	794	58.721	1.4	26755	306.378	1.2	10083	72.323	1.03	6868	87.373	1.221	780	22.271	85.5%	501	7.991	0.28	18	1.858	1.2	1182	25.18	1.34	548	5.327	0.63	13430	109.565	0.9653	552	2.725
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.2317	0.29	0.18	0.246	388	18.667	0.27	18841	225.778	0.81	25216	163.478	0.23	6952	88.2	0.31	631	26.157	10.1%	535	8.58	0.121	18	1.147	0.28	1054	20.732	0.3	530	4.227	0.27	23124	206.084	0.2855	685	2.915
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.1724	0.19	0.02	0.1915	606	22.181	0.187	14872	319.514	0.19	22843	101.469	0.22	4205	50.2	0.178	896	30.041	18.6%	402	5.557	0.23	18	2.515	0.194	1105	23.382	0.149	559	5.151	0.17	12097	89.229	0.18595	778	2.725
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.2063	1.59	4.58	0.173	8091	168.105	0.173	22208	254.76	0.246	28578	182.68	0.19	5621	71.369	0.23	701	15.611	15.4	346	6.617	0.24	18	1.718	0.22	1145	24.123	0.265	502	4.304	0.174	24091	185.013	0.1537	496	2.251
EDP, S.A. 2022	-0.1579	0.19	0.06	0.1857	826	24.463	0.134	30580	356.565	0.25	19344	150.723	0.12	6770	94.519	0.3	1436	33.077	19.4%	404	7.413	0.15	18	1.963	0.14	1171	26.825	0.28	642	5.917	0.124	13851	115.019	0.20918	628	2.815
ENGIE 2022	0.2483	0.33	0.13	0.4356	481	21.956	0.46	20740	269.434	0.376	16361	89.714	0.48	6978	85.018	0.11	816	20.464	43.6%	323	5.11	0.11	18	1.121	0.32	1069	24.339	0.31	465	4.846	0.26	20353	178.157	0.3751	626	2.59
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.1965	0.19	0.04	0.166	667	37.789	0.19	17572	236.581	0.191	14938	83.76	0.18	5187	65.309	0.12	851	30.358	22.4%	550	8.261	0.235	18	2.022	0.253	1042	23.643	0.18	559	5.12	0.204	9867	67.513	0.17899	627	2.681
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.2847	3.62	10.97	0.2985	1438	43.44	0.31	22415	255.093	0.345	12094	62.325	0.27	5547	75.7	0.398	730	19.164	36.7	374	6.207	0.182	18	1.315	0.37	850	20.087	0.24	745	6.993	0.3665	10531	85.752	0.3665	577	2.126
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	-0.0105	0.14	0.16	-0.013	672	29.562	0.179	26526	284.116	0.1	19959	137.784	0.024	7268	91.079	-0.0039	1332	53.775	17.7%	482	7.496	0.2	18	1.197	0.07	1140	26.939	0.54	871	7.578	0.076	28760	225.117	0.2269	815	3.265
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.1972	0.21	0.04	0.23	1310	27.936	0.245	13835	184.139	0.239	24175	432.212	0.23	4790	59.882	21.16%	821	33.347	17.2%	535	8.213	0.14	18	1.445	0.163	1189	26.648	0.18	645	5.708	0.21	21541	162.603	0.2792	612	3.023
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.3124	3.88	11.75	0.593	697	34.453	0.52	21554	444.245	0.51	17398	87.339	43.4%	8433	91.499	-8.4%	708	26.7	33.0%	493	8.153	0.2	18	1.852	0.24	1197	26.146	0.29	501	4.793	39.3	25603	194.703	0.3635	709	2.849
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	0.1884	0.04	0.15	0.00664	785	27.719	0.48	21365	235.839	0.0048	17103	86.905	0.0048	5794	63.625	-0.0	733	32.012	3.45%	397	6.947	0.08	18	1.707	0.011	1085	27.122	-0.028	692	6.032	-0.0467	24694	194.691	-0.0561	736	3.084
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.22	0.06	0.153	973	19.233	0.25	17683	238.292	0.213	19667	296.727	0.14	9497	96.315	18.56%	766	22.505	0.34	509	7.853	0.23	18	1.885	0.2	974	20.465	0.288	594	5.345	0.204	25891	184.727	0.2322	836	2.93
Acciona SA 2022	not available	0.35	0.23	0.3428	816	24.992	0.302	17368	203.301	0.372	9578	45.78	0.31	6129	66.722	1.03	588	20.199	30.9%	350	6.119	0.14	18	2.246	0.27	965	20.185	0.19	1025	8.859	0.288	13364	106.25	0.299	625	2.707
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.4556	0.40	0.18	0.535	903	30.743	0.55	18016	224.631	0.55	12637	67.015	0.29	8290	87.45	0.344	1078	43.41	60.1%	286	5.457	0.2	18	1.133	0.44	1060	24.389	0.12	629	5.695	0.6	8096	67.234	0.2079	640	2.505
VERBUND AG 2022	0.5174	14.05	29.78	0.786	655	21.938	0.71	15351	191.836	0.845	12235	63.209	0.85	5789	72.427	77.44	1161	45.001	70.98	336	6.148	0.24	18	1.803	0.78	1003	22.769	0.57	619	5.681	0.78	19532	166.76	0.5698	565	2.417
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0.1456	1.46	4.33	0.1746	1031	27.762	0.153	14888	262.946	0.1773	16836	87.866	0.15	5733	70.607	0.18	774	33.263	14.5	333	6.882	0.11	18	1.24	0.146	977	21.284	0.17	624	5.394	0.1452	13791	101.864	0.1452	623	2.449
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.22	0.03	0.2185	780	24.531	0.222	19947	207.894	0.2222	11734	94.159	0.21	3624	40.174	0.202545	562	12.085	21.8%	395	7.202	0.28	18	1.479	0.16	1175	22.978	0.225	486	5.152	0.216	27471	217.017	0.2025	589	2.406
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1686	0.21	0.08	0.183	705	13.97	0.182	16758	204.728	0.37	20421	100.323	0.18	5394	78.067	0.18	977	29.321	12.6%	398	6.861	0.18	18	1.509	0.145	1105	24.86	0.31	610	5.699	0.19	18603	152.666	0.31156	618	2.717
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.1733	0.26	0.11	0.2192	479	20.386	0.235	13449	228.861	0.27	6324	46.987	0.24	7661	89.497	0.25	639	26.179	23.2%	372	5.627	0.2	18	0.85	0.17	903	20.767	0.57	542	4.567	0.211	11487	101.168	0.2443	745	4.196
VINCI 2022	0.4221	0.43	0.08	0.428	438	13.3	0.442	22592	259.666	0.54	25476	125.175	0.43	6658	74.411	0.43	789	29.029	42.9%	504	8.957	0.24	18	1.155	0.47	1063	24.851	0.375	569	4.687	0.479	23527	201.545	0.469	664	2.752
BOUYGUES 2022	0.2446	0.41	0.08	0.4099	2106	48.729	0.447	23366	319.924	0.38	37802	188.949	0.51	8184	98.664	0.4329	1077	32.782	48.2%	150	4.049	0.29	18	1.797	0.36	1255	29.067	0.54	719	7.045	0.33	10693	82.658	0.3188	444	2.045
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	0.14	0.05	0.1	1040	42.424	0.092	21911	275.016	0.1725	15552	113.924	0.1	7405	86.658	0.2	800	31.862	0.198	426	7.15	0.1	18	1.402	0.13	925	20.512	0.19	543	5.157	0.088	17870	142.789	0.1409	473	2.204

	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.456	0.304	0.698	882.04	36.75	31.72	0.80	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	1.372	1.353	4.096	6105.92	254.41	65.20	2.26	0.09	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	1.158	1.035	2.537	2981.20	124.22	85.94	0.64	0.03	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.560	0.400	0.953	1859.94	77.50	14.89	0.73	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	7.958	7.596	33.254	687.54	28.65	9.52	0.67	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	23.078	22.860	50.188	165.16	6.88	1.22	2.30	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1.417	0.920	4.519	38.74	1.61	0.43	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.716	0.558	1.800	575.45	23.98	2.72	2.91	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	3.218	2.948	11.763	134.02	5.58	1.09	0.53	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	6.933	6.786	27.972	3410.28	142.09	52.63	6.17	0.26	0.08
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.579	1.307	5.103	65.46	2.73	0.45	0.15	0.01	0.00

q1c: Leverage Trend (Moody's Adjusted)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Deteriorating	0.00	0.45	Stable	521	14.804	Stable	12249	126.102	Stable	8721	161.763	Stable	2094	29.904	Deteriorating	984	38.85	Stable	456	6.431	Stable	16	1.377	Stable	1158	19.267	Improving	1276	9.095	Stable	4339	34.253	Stable	909	3.093
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	883	27.571	Improving	2339	22.518	Improving	10338	216.765	Improving	1568	34.005	Improving	930	36.951	Improving	537	7.541	Stable	16	1.008	Improving	936	14.542	Improving	893	6.289	Improving	5928	39.727	Improving	799	3.168
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Stable	0.09	0.30	Stable	438	12.892	Stable	840	17.09	Stable	7733	84.769	Stable	1371	20.025	Stable	749	18.721	Stable	293	4.727	Improving	906	6.017	Stable	757	13.61	Stable	876	5.995	Stable	3228	26.322	Stable	710	2.987
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	504	16.928	Improving	806	32.324	Improving	3293	82.47	Improving	1955	31.162	Improving	733	17.37	Improving	473	6.924	Stable	16	1.362	Improving	943	16.004	Improving	863	5.809	Improving	4028	29.774	Improving	747	2.673
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Stable	0.55	0.52	Improving	609	12.946	Improving	10917	151.575	Stable	3277	155.858	Stable	2329	25.659	Improving	863	30.498	Stable	431	6.221	Stable	16	1.322	Improving	1134	19.752	Improving	905	6.118	Improving	7389	54.474	Stable	785	3.419
EDP, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.82	0.40	Improving	591	22.612	Improving	1781	18.916	Improving	5431	65.566	Stable	3363	42.385	Improving	785	17.609	Improving	415	8.736	Stable	16	0.938	Improving	1007	18.487	Improving	868	6.453	Improving	8811	62.924	Improving	707	3.453
ENGIE 2022	Deteriorating	0.09	0.70	Stable	346	17.597	Stable	13229	211.462	Improving	7608	83.913	Stable	3594	55.306	Deteriorating	862	24.119	Deteriorating	488	7.227	Stable	16	1.017	Stable	853	15.822	Improving	659	4.768	Improving	4680	37.187	Stable	596	2.114
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Deteriorating	-0.73	0.47	Deteriorating	519	16.846	Deteriorating	1323	33.03	Deteriorating	4637	44.923	Deteriorating	2465	34.98	Deteriorating	608	21.776	Deteriorating	334	5.657	Stable	16	0.816	Stable	1114	18.11	Deteriorating	653	5.06	Stable	4937	36.139	Deteriorating	701	2.785
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	676	17.914	Improving	1277	13.355	Improving	5950	47.073	Improving	1740	19.01	Improving	704	24.692	Improving	353	5.548	Stable	16	1.367	Improving	743	12.724	Improving	822	6.308	Improving	3085	22.762	Improving	728	2.395
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	NA	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	304	7.837	Deteriorating	3153	96.306	Deteriorating	7823	194.746	Deteriorating	1809	22.94	Deteriorating	526	13.475	Deteriorating	327	4.943	Stable	16	0.915	Deteriorating	891	16.278	Deteriorating	788	5.508	Deteriorating	3768	26.625	Deteriorating	691	2.526
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	514	18.427	Deteriorating	1084	45.51	Deteriorating	5549	60.613	Deteriorating	3216	47.165	Deteriorating	838	16.803	Deteriorating	636	8.337	Stable	16	0.948	Deteriorating	1149	19.91	Deteriorating	876	6.827	Deteriorating	5337	38.052	Deteriorating	1121	6.087
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Improving	0.64	0.50	Stable	517	13.685	Improving	4354	43.87	Improving	6658	100.524	Improving	2268	45.172	Improving	682	20.366	Improving	442	6.498	Stable	16	1.015	Stable	1070	21.869	Improving	879	6.266	Improving	5724	41.672	Stable	596	2.524
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Improving	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	462	16.895	Deteriorating	2621	37.603	Deteriorating	6432	181.751	Deteriorating	1538	31.501	Deteriorating	582	17.191	Deteriorating	361	6.328	Stable	16	0.928	Deteriorating	708	13.489	Deteriorating	844	6.565	Deteriorating	2802	24.494	Deteriorating	598	2.52
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	824	30.26	Improving	1780	55.744	Improving	3616	51.221	Improving	1409	17.355	Improving	838	18.793	Improving	680	9.364	Stable	16	0.901	Improving	1121	19.941	Improving	989	6.967	Improving	3994	27.151	Improving	963	3.262
Acciona SA 2022	Improving	0.55	0.52	Improving	619	15.733	Improving	9739	117.753	Improving	7945	104.693	Improving	2624	50.391	Improving	812	24.987	Stable	443	6.101	Stable	16	0.89	Stable	1253	22.365	Stable	835	5.783	Improving	6560	48.951	Stable	892	3.66
Fortum Oyj 2022	Improving	0.45	0.82	Improving	384	26.546	Improving	10563	197.906	Stable	5357	50.056	Improving	1477	15.428	Deteriorating	632	19.992	Stable	324	5.606	Deteriorating	621	4.815	Improving	876	16.43	Improving	712	4.943	Improving	3350	27.812	Improving	731	2.9
VERBUND AG 2022	Improving	0.82	0.40	Improving	370	11.979	Improving	1039	12.639	Stable	5953	44.37	Improving	1825	31.016	Improving	1034	37.561	Improving	359	5.052	Stable	16	0.979	Improving	570	9.388	Improving	737	5.733	Improving	2785	21.974	Improving	711	2.423
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	637	12.689	Deteriorating	661	14.623	Deteriorating	2820	48.821	Deteriorating	1367	26.881	Deteriorating	950	20.317	Deteriorating	467	6.882	Stable	16	0.94	Deteriorating	893	18.198	Deteriorating	880	6.064	Deteriorating	3507	27.135	Deteriorating	886	2.873
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	0.18	0.40	Stable	425	25.143	Stable	6504	91.2	Stable	11979	207.234	Stable	2801	45.116	Improving	806	22.885	Stable	341	5.566	Stable	16	1.786	Stable	649	10.76	Improving	899	6.956	Stable	6527	50.619	Stable	663	2.405
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	514	14.687	Improving	1225	12.511	Improving	5700	106.426	Improving	1790	30.608	Improving	909	26.317	Improving	423	5.937	Stable	16	0.855	Improving	713	10.921	Improving	704	4.686	Improving	3492	26.825	Improving	567	2.234
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	836	25.315	Deteriorating	7943	108.022	Deteriorating	5305	158.094	Deteriorating	1927	37.389	Deteriorating	570	13.861	Deteriorating	462	6.452	Stable	16	0.871	Deteriorating	895	16.079	Deteriorating	882	5.588	Deteriorating	3093	21.377	Deteriorating	673	2.754
VINCI 2022	Improving	0.82	0.40	Improving	688	12.695	Improving	8580	107.676	Stable	15438	116.275	Improving	1836	35.964	Improving	722	27.617	Improving	489	7.065	Stable	16	1.038	Improving	785	13.242	Improving	825	5.767	Improving	3485	26.797	Improving	616	2.845
BOUYGUES 2022	Deteriorating	-1.00	0.00	Deteriorating	372	13.096	Deteriorating	3410	38.761	Deteriorating	11267	122.359	Deteriorating	1337	23.417	Deteriorating	461	21.902	Deteriorating	304	4.826	Deteriorating	700	4.721	Deteriorating	896	17.326	Deteriorating	735	5.942	Deteriorating	2466	18.063	Deteriorating	562	2.4
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	701	35.554	Deteriorating	9413	107.181	Deteriorating	7330	220.25	Deteriorating	3813	65.345	Deteriorating	703	15.667	Deteriorating	540	8.865	Stable	16	0.985	Deteriorating	983	18.668	Deteriorating	663	5.046	Deteriorating	6481	47.203	Deteriorating	720	2.952

	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.30	0.04	0.63	440.65	18.36	6.81	0.75	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.26	0.09	0.59	1713.68	71.40	59.21	0.86	0.04	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	0.39	-0.04	0.75	2710.53	112.94	59.83	0.32	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.26	0.00	0.59	818.12	34.09	12.62	0.43	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	0.30	-0.04	0.75	548.32	22.85	7.15	0.66	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.26	-0.09	0.59	156.83	6.53	1.30	2.33	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	0.96	-0.17	1.02	37.81	1.58	1.43	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.39	0.04	0.69	393.18	16.38	3.50	2.83	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.43	0.17	0.88	144.54	6.02	0.92	0.56	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.35	0.17	0.72	818.31	34.10	11.78	2.37	0.10	0.03
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.30	-0.04	0.63	70.45	2.94	0.78	0.16	0.01	0.00

q2: Suitability

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.50	0.53	Marginally Suitable	634	21.868	Marginally Suitable	843	13.985	Marginally Suitable	2805	24.465	Strongly Suitable	719	11.903	Strongly Suitable	596	20.05	Marginally Suitable	462	10.271	FAIL	12	0.948	Strongly Suitable	743	20.313	Marginally Suitable	850	9.317	Strongly Suitable	1022	11.73	Strongly Suitable	430	2.466
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	655	20.474	Marginally Suitable	1000	29.506	Strongly Suitable	1773	23.328	Strongly Suitable	765	13.342	Strongly Suitable	466	20.195	Strongly Suitable	366	10.949	Strongly Suitable	465	4.449	Strongly Suitable	801	20.211	Strongly Suitable	925	9.445	Strongly Suitable	1433	12.363	Strongly Suitable	396	2.741
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.55	0.52	Strongly Suitable	523	16.623	Marginally Suitable	866	22.154	Marginally Suitable	2764	84.199	Strongly Suitable	1229	15.531	Strongly Suitable	629	23.399	Marginally Suitable	468	10.828	Marginally Suitable	445	4.126	Strongly Suitable	825	21.63	Marginally Suitable	817	8.7	Strongly Suitable	1014	10.947	Strongly Suitable	393	2.427
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Marginally Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	494	12.491	Strongly Suitable	617	6.439	Strongly Suitable	5458	84.864	Strongly Suitable	758	21.888	Strongly Suitable	425	13.592	Strongly Suitable	447	10.546	Strongly Suitable	133	1.731	Strongly Suitable	701	17.635	Strongly Suitable	898	9.669	Strongly Suitable	1255	10.809	Strongly Suitable	286	1.856
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	437	13.47	Strongly Suitable	918	13.398	Strongly Suitable	1102	35.052	Strongly Suitable	848	14.417	Strongly Suitable	445	14.4	Marginally Suitable	497	12.94	Strongly Suitable	417	4.173	Strongly Suitable	804	23.056	Marginally Suitable	752	8.873	Strongly Suitable	1620	13.797	Strongly Suitable	343	2.18
EDP, S.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.73	0.47	Marginally Suitable	417	20.235	Marginally Suitable	780	11.966	Strongly Suitable	2543	68.329	Strongly Suitable	867	29.495	Strongly Suitable	469	21.154	Strongly Suitable	505	12.25	Marginally Suitable	391	4.371	Strongly Suitable	877	21.931	Strongly Suitable	718	8.503	Strongly Suitable	1395	13.306	Strongly Suitable	390	2.298
ENGIE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.27	0.79	Marginally Suitable	570	17.405	Marginally Suitable	855	9.788	Not Suitable	3286	46.721	Strongly Suitable	748	22.35	Strongly Suitable	429	12.1	Marginally Suitable	454	11.455	Not Suitable	484	3.687	Strongly Suitable	834	20.024	Marginally Suitable	975	9.942	Strongly Suitable	1289	13.191	Strongly Suitable	381	2.037
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	256	7.624	Strongly Suitable	885	13.837	Marginally Suitable	2541	42.95	Strongly Suitable	724	16.247	Strongly Suitable	576	19.778	Strongly Suitable	395	8.893	Marginally Suitable	369	3.69	Strongly Suitable	942	21.505	Strongly Suitable	875	8.695	Strongly Suitable	1375	14.914	Strongly Suitable	461	2.475
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	459	18.199	Strongly Suitable	879	16.065	Strongly Suitable	4483	55.641	Strongly Suitable	998	12.603	Strongly Suitable	507	15.517	Marginally Suitable	433	10.567	Marginally Suitable	490	3.686	Strongly Suitable	950	21.536	Strongly Suitable	1119	11.611	Strongly Suitable	1443	12.896	Strongly Suitable	382	2.168
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.45	0.52	Marginally Suitable	281	8.016	Marginally Suitable	750	16.22	Marginally Suitable	5369	101.53	Strongly Suitable	852	11.729	Strongly Suitable	547	13.579	Marginally Suitable	425	8.858	Marginally Suitable	392	4.352	Strongly Suitable	859	23.106	Marginally Suitable	1222	12.251	Strongly Suitable	965	9.585	Strongly Suitable	419	2.729
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.55	0.69	Strongly Suitable	607	30.66	Marginally Suitable	783	9.735	Strongly Suitable	3702	37.21	Strongly Suitable	735	27.492	Strongly Suitable	440	17.892	Marginally Suitable	519	12.864	Not Suitable	17	1.138	Strongly Suitable	721	19.838	Marginally Suitable	958	10.321	Strongly Suitable	1426	19.185	Strongly Suitable	523	3.252
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	279	7.971	Strongly Suitable	808	16.242	Strongly Suitable	3203	77.349	Strongly Suitable	958	11.431	Strongly Suitable	502	18.126	Strongly Suitable	408	10.874	Strongly Suitable	204	2.273	Strongly Suitable	929	24.706	Strongly Suitable	1111	10.755	Strongly Suitable	1309	10.604	Strongly Suitable	357	2.468
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Strongly Suitable	0.64	0.67	Not Suitable	773	23.405	Marginally Suitable	1122	20.901	Not Suitable	7376	136.929	Marginally Suitable	1060	13.569	Strongly Suitable	550	16.51	Marginally Suitable	391	10.182	Marginally Suitable	189	1.987	Marginally Suitable	851	22.13	Not Suitable	965	10.484	Not Suitable	1270	11.518	Not Suitable	420	2.478
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Not Suitable	1.64	0.50	Strongly Suitable	476	13.93	Marginally Suitable	879	16.184	Strongly Suitable	4255	82.999	Strongly Suitable	1086	18.158	Strongly Suitable	480	10.817	Marginally Suitable	455	12.745	Marginally Suitable	470	3.997	Strongly Suitable	1090	27.536	Marginally Suitable	924	10.207	Strongly Suitable	2438	21.143	Strongly Suitable	389	2.242
Acciona SA 2022	Not Suitable	1.55	0.52	Marginally Suitable	464	17.753	Marginally Suitable	738	13.541	Marginally Suitable	3137	62.633	Strongly Suitable	945	11.908	Strongly Suitable	360	13.05	Marginally Suitable	430	9.94	Marginally Suitable	517	4.041	Strongly Suitable	1015	27.088	Strongly Suitable	760	8.284	Strongly Suitable	1587	13.818	Strongly Suitable	393	2.692
Fortum Oyj 2022	Not Suitable	0.73	0.47	Not Suitable	413	18.734	Marginally Suitable	752	13.664	Marginally Suitable	2702	57.737	Marginally Suitable	1120	14.322	Marginally Suitable	627	24.325	Marginally Suitable	374	9.249	Marginally Suitable	218	2.516	Marginally Suitable	844	21.345	Marginally Suitable	1086	10.848	Not Suitable	1586	16.623	Not Suitable	426	2.536
VERBUND AG 2022	Not Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	312	8.293	Marginally Suitable	724	9.516	Strongly Suitable	1739	38.052	Strongly Suitable	1001	21.173	Strongly Suitable	478	17.398	Strongly Suitable	537	11.954	Strongly Suitable	485	3.925	Strongly Suitable	894	23.64	Strongly Suitable	848	8.931	Strongly Suitable	1666	17.48	Strongly Suitable	373	2.412
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Not Suitable	1.64	0.50	Strongly Suitable	627	38.901	Strongly Suitable	718	15.41	Marginally Suitable	3271	72.336	Strongly Suitable	1046	17.224	Strongly Suitable	459	14.927	Marginally Suitable	391	8.444	Marginally Suitable	370	3.541	Strongly Suitable	971	24.234	Marginally Suitable	1142	11.384	Strongly Suitable	1672	18.513	Strongly Suitable	485	2.589
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.45	0.52	Marginally Suitable	536	14.39	Marginally Suitable	898	13.476	Marginally Suitable	3381	94.048	Strongly Suitable	1984	24.986	Strongly Suitable	490	17.901	Marginally Suitable	396	10.493	Marginally Suitable	509	4.532	Strongly Suitable	832	20.57	Marginally Suitable	930	9.521	Strongly Suitable	1470	12.798	Strongly Suitable	416	2.168
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.73	0.47	Marginally Suitable	635	36.308	Strongly Suitable	787	9.151	Marginally Suitable	2663	59.241	Strongly Suitable	724	10.774	Strongly Suitable	390	17.038	Strongly Suitable	412	10.443	Marginally Suitable	784	5.857	Strongly Suitable	895	23.633	Strongly Suitable	981	11.007	Strongly Suitable	1145	12.072	Strongly Suitable	382	2.262
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.27	0.47	Strongly Suitable	501	15.803	Marginally Suitable	917	10.106	Marginally Suitable	6231	100.311	Marginally Suitable	1015	15.562	Strongly Suitable	521	18.51	Marginally Suitable	448	10.343	Marginally Suitable	474	4.501	Marginally Suitable	839	22.351	Marginally Suitable	1007	10.638	Strongly Suitable	1523	14.108	Marginally Suitable	438	2.324
VINCI 2022	Not Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	342	35.135	Strongly Suitable	706	8.549	Strongly Suitable	2849	133.531	Strongly Suitable	1092	16.769	Strongly Suitable	453	13.045	Strongly Suitable	359	8.328	Marginally Suitable	466	4.432	Strongly Suitable	887	23.765	Strongly Suitable	751	7.389	Strongly Suitable	1591	16.634	Strongly Suitable	355	2.229
BOUYGUES 2022	Not Suitable	1.64	0.50	Strongly Suitable	491	12.035	Marginally Suitable	825	9.143	Marginally Suitable	3690	72.566	Strongly Suitable	771	22.894	Strongly Suitable	535	19.149	Strongly Suitable	390	9.426	Marginally Suitable	441	3.497	Strongly Suitable	954	25.744	Marginally Suitable	741	8.032	Strongly Suitable	1564	13.477	Strongly Suitable	477	2.578
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Not Suitable	1.36	0.67	Marginally Suitable	309	33.415	Marginally Suitable	762	17.226	Marginally Suitable	3045	51.909	Strongly Suitable	921	13.683	Strongly Suitable	567	21.922	Marginally Suitable	412	9.528	Insufficient Data	169	2.289	Strongly Suitable	735	19.56	Marginally Suitable	753	8.151	Strongly Suitable	2288	18.85	Strongly Suitable	424	2.664

	Failures	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	0.96	0.46	1.21	463.14	19.30	9.34	0.74	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	0.79	0.29	0.98	336.20	14.01	5.09	0.47	0.02	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	0.88	0.29	1.14	1643.93	68.50	30.44	0.22	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	0.92	0.83	1.22	409.45	17.06	5.36	0.34	0.01	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	0.92	0.92	1.22	414.37	17.27	3.62	0.63	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	0.83	0.33	1.04	252.37	10.52	1.34	2.32	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	0.78	0.09	1.02	83.74	3.49	1.22	0.02	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	0.92	0.83	1.22	537.09	22.38	2.41	2.79	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	0.92	0.33	1.12	232.96	9.71	1.27	0.57	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	0.96	0.79	1.27	340.36	14.18	3.09	1.48	0.06	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	0.92	0.75	1.26	58.27	2.43	0.28	0.15	0.01	0.00

q3: Size

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	50%	0.55	0.33	100%	639	19.263	50%	1123	16.232	100%	6357	86.146	25%	1370	34.894	25%	564	16.77	25%	334	7.29	25%	725	5.89	75%	970	27.234	50%	1078	11.701	100%	2012	17.593	25%	618	3.466
ENI S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.64	0.34	50%	635	29.834	50%	2588	28.25	25%	7106	170.717	100%	990	23.45	100%	693	18.292	75%	550	11.435	100%	893	7.415	50%	917	24.884	0%	900	9.716	50%	9787	69.779	100%	644	2.731
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.55	0.37	50%	615	18.666	50%	1171	24.254	50%	3282	94.762	0%	1824	27.805	100%	588	19.509	75%	479	12.182	0%	161	1.934	50%	719	18.455	25%	858	9.382	100%	3418	32.052	100%	520	3.012
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	25%	0.55	0.25	100%	520	12.224	50%	1403	16.649	50%	6834	65.115	50%	3003	42.965	50%	466	10.239	50%	393	8.804	25%	831	6.664	50%	884	21.461	50%	1045	11.166	100%	4203	36.748	25%	589	2.629
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	50%	0.66	0.32	75%	595	30.832	50%	1514	20.298	100%	2299	22.529	50%	1492	33.511	100%	857	26.463	50%	591	12.865	0%	588	5.479	50%	863	20.936	50%	897	10.246	100%	2344	18.963	100%	594	2.595
EDP, S.A. 2022	50%	0.68	0.32	75%	593	17.706	50%	1530	50.282	50%	3366	34.582	100%	1371	18.935	50%	581	12.435	75%	421	10.962	0%	631	4.934	100%	998	27.009	50%	1218	13.197	100%	2045	18.658	100%	478	2.798
ENGIE 2022	50%	0.70	0.29	75%	469	22.095	50%	1270	13.163	75%	4409	63.825	100%	1081	18.863	100%	652	18.956	50%	448	10.882	100%	393	3.723	75%	946	26.088	25%	1201	13.038	100%	3413	31.439	25%	649	2.699
IBERDROLA SA 2022	75%	0.75	0.27	100%	473	20.651	75%	1286	15.963	100%	20022	187.526	50%	1459	18.913	100%	520	14.307	50%	344	10.073	25%	16	1.037	75%	965	24.938	50%	1097	11.578	100%	2837	22.82	100%	563	2.677
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	25%	0.66	0.39	50%	477	18.605	100%	966	15.98	100%	2541	34.688	100%	1643	41.726	100%	537	20.409	75%	424	10.288	0%	509	4.337	50%	914	23.325	50%	1029	10.537	100%	4646	37.31	0%	713	2.766
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	50%	0.57	0.20	75%	527	18.972	100%	1143	11.165	50%	6428	47.989	50%	3324	39.18	50%	441	12.398	50%	408	9.198	50%	709	5.094	75%	899	30.674	25%	1115	12.452	50%	4070	28.831	50%	639	2.676
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	50%	0.57	0.25	50%	542	15.862	50%	2756	35.287	50%	4547	25.613	50%	2454	31.214	50%	678	16.089	75%	340	9.199	25%	361	3.631	25%	1042	24.832	50%	903	10.55	100%	4985	38.83	100%	542	2.924
ØRSTED A/S 2022	50%	0.82	0.16	100%	480	15.157	100%	3851	69.518	100%	6819	129.954	75%	3305	62.045	75%	594	13.047	75%	332	7.929	100%	768	8.614	75%	956	24.336	50%	1233	12.757	75%	3311	27.034	75%	671	2.801
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	75%	0.77	0.36	100%	501	26.483	50%	1886	39.039	100%	6105	171.561	100%	1207	18.626	100%	776	24.612	75%	370	10.491	25%	526	4.668	100%	841	23.415	0%	1069	12.178	100%	2806	28.354	100%	549	2.7
ERG S.P.A. 2022	0%	0.59	0.39	50%	398	11.713	50%	1488	22.432	100%	6023	34.364	100%	2855	26.609	0%	811	22.446	75%	395	11.149	0%	268	2.711	50%	943	25.657	25%	969	11.476	100%	3544	31.817	100%	618	2.904
Acciona SA 2022	0%	0.66	0.39	100%	507	9.51	50%	1135	12.572	0%	4317	99.14	100%	2482	41.624	100%	574	16.211	75%	436	12.657	0%	207	3.06	50%	813	20.911	50%	979	9.946	100%	1878	17.654	100%	658	2.972
Fortum Oyj 2022	0%	0.43	0.36	50%	585	13.301	50%	1449	29.197	0%	14947	218.634	100%	1528	36.975	0%	771	26.45	50%	338	7.96	0%	686	5.999	50%	826	22.896	25%	988	11.574	100%	3538	33.55	50%	619	2.907
VERBUND AG 2022	0%	0.55	0.33	50%	488	15.056	50%	1171	21.185	100%	3671	62.844	100%	1164	15.946	100%	603	13.566	50%	418	9.363	25%	492	3.936	50%	861	22.176	50%	1336	13.674	0%	1536	15.452	25%	513	2.524
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0%	0.80	0.25	50%	643	18.404	75%	1489	26.587	100%	8871	58.49	100%	2200	32.012	100%	618	15.868	50%	378	9.832	100%	727	6.008	50%	963	24.248	50%	1038	11.453	100%	1221	12.926	100%	552	2.569
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.59	0.30	50%	668	20.22	50%	872	8.741	100%	6498	47.269	100%	1067	14.277	50%	743	20.692	75%	320	8.013	25%	843	6.935	50%	691	19.405	25%	1581	17.737	100%	3295	27.638	25%	544	2.52
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	25%	0.70	0.40	0%	540	12.812	100%	1058	13.329	100%	19800	151.713	100%	1867	17.308	100%	623	15.87	75%	519	12.595	0%	959	7.138	50%	811	22.268	50%	1119	12.039	100%	1508	15.446	100%	493	2.363
HERA S.P.A. 2022	25%	0.61	0.38	50%	597	18.419	50%	1854	19.927	100%	4289	96.521	100%	1781	24.856	50%	548	11.904	75%	387	10.882	0%	618	4.898	50%	767	21.006	0%	1038	10.637	100%	3576	29.195	100%	530	2.396
VINCI 2022	0%	0.59	0.39	100%	518	20.299	50%	1282	13.785	0%	9470	171.524	100%	1050	13.85	50%	643	17.962	75%	431	10.38	0%	688	8.814	50%	928	23.562	25%	851	9.305	100%	2278	23.679	100%	651	2.721
BOUYGUES 2022	0%	0.75	0.32	100%	546	16.902	75%	1845	24.257	100%	6463	80.014	0%	1996	33.846	50%	625	15.073	75%	309	7.876	100%	523	4.594	75%	934	25.833	50%	1052	11.127	100%	2157	21.184	100%	540	2.435
FERROVIAL SA 2022	0%	0.61	0.26	50%	584	19.13	100%	1812	16.987	100%	4014	79.038	50%	1890	32.895	50%	666	25.155	50%	406	10.931	25%	16	1.401	50%	960	24.959	50%	1056	11.305	100%	3075	27.801	50%	635	3.139

	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0.427	0.406	0.503	442.12	18.42	5.23	0.77	0.03	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0.375	0.354	0.473	565.08	23.54	13.77	0.55	0.02	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0.448	0.448	0.589	2234.56	93.11	57.48	0.32	0.01	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.531	0.469	0.643	702.33	29.26	11.62	0.41	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	0.427	0.406	0.538	424.72	17.70	4.73	0.66	0.03	0.01
GPT-5.5	0.396	0.354	0.462	243.24	10.13	1.63	2.36	0.10	0.03
GPT-5 nano	0.323	0.031	0.436	118.91	4.95	2.08	0.03	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0.333	0.312	0.375	570.51	23.77	2.73	2.88	0.12	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.250	0.083	0.323	278.77	11.62	1.76	0.60	0.02	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0.625	0.625	0.703	664.75	27.70	11.65	2.01	0.08	0.03
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0.510	0.448	0.610	65.92	2.75	0.25	0.16	0.01	0.00

q4: priority

	Ground truth priorities	Ground truth order	LLM dist average	LLM dist std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time
ELECTRIC - "TERNA - - IBERDROL 2022	11, 8, 3	C,B,A	0.73	0.65	C,B,A	0	691	21.587	C,A,B	1	1174	22.838	C,B,A	0	6977	71.368	B,C,A	1	1118	54.67	B,C,A	1	617	20.005	C,A,B	1	568	13.526	C,A,B	1	17	3.836	C,A,B	1	1089	30.264	C,B,A	0	975	11.953	A,C,B	2	3149	30.46	C,B,A	0	372	2.563
ENI S.P. - TenneT H - REDEIA C 2022	12, 7, 4	C,B,A	2.09	0.83	A,B,C	3	670	45.462	A,C,B	2	989	18.762	A,C,B	2	2448	89.993	A,B,C	3	1169	105.613	B,C,A	1	564	19.804	B,C,A	1	784	15.411	A,B,C	3	17	2.374	B,C,A	1	1104	36.058	A,C,B	2	732	8.498	A,B,C	3	4227	40.118	A,C,B	2	520	3.447
VEOLIA E - ELECTRIC - REDEIA C 2022	5, 11, 4	C,A,B	1.27	1.27	C,A,B	0	457	16.123	A,C,B	1	863	17.957	C,A,B	0	6622	99.041	C,A,B	0	1253	28.912	B,A,C	3	581	11.212	B,A,C	3	496	13.779	A,B,C	2	17	2.185	B,A,C	3	1134	32.934	A,C,B	1	1414	14.535	A,C,B	1	5137	57.352	C,A,B	0	425	3.106
"TERNA - - A2A ENER - REDEIA C 2022	8, 9, 4	C,A,B	1.09	0.70	C,A,B	0	775	26.161	A,C,B	1	892	14.103	A,C,B	1	6102	74.77	C,A,B	0	2837	51.867	A,C,B	1	473	19.374	B,C,A	2	461	12.417	A,B,C	2	18	2.07	B,C,A	2	944	26.304	A,C,B	1	967	11.918	A,C,B	1	7494	66.231	A,C,B	1	436	3.191
A2A ENER - ENEL - S - "TERNA - 2022	9, 1, 8	B,C,A	0.36	0.50	C,B,A	1	531	23.337	C,B,A	1	1501	24.007	B,C,A	0	3463	47.329	B,C,A	0	1004	48.729	B,C,A	0	602	19.038	B,C,A	0	528	11.101	B,A,C	1	17	2.227	C,B,A	1	1170	31.79	B,C,A	0	768	9.744	B,C,A	0	2140	23.342	B,C,A	0	403	2.997
EDP, S.A - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	2, 11, 5	A,C,B	1.36	0.92	C,A,B	1	898	25.123	C,A,B	1	1198	24.16	C,A,B	1	3992	69.172	C,A,B	1	1825	258.216	C,A,B	1	599	13.533	B,C,A	3	431	13.231	C,B,A	2	17	2.323	C,A,B	1	1143	32.567	A,C,B	0	943	10.533	B,C,A	3	3605	36.645	C,A,B	1	415	3.428
EDP, S.A - A2A ENER - TenneT H 2022	2, 9, 7	A,C,B	0.82	0.40	C,A,B	1	627	18.758	A,B,C	1	893	14.346	A,B,C	1	4844	62.812	C,A,B	1	1094	123.56	A,C,B	0	639	19.406	C,A,B	1	574	10.97	C,A,B	1	17	1.792	A,C,B	0	1054	29.401	A,B,C	1	1182	13.29	C,A,B	1	2656	29.07	C,A,B	1	488	3.101
ØRSTED A - ENEL - S - A2A ENER 2022	6, 1, 9	B,A,C	0.73	0.47	A,B,C	1	355	15.113	A,B,C	1	999	20.205	A,B,C	1	10040	106.747	A,B,C	1	990	59.772	B,A,C	0	488	13.562	B,A,C	0	545	11.219	B,A,C	0	17	2.898	A,B,C	1	932	23.561	A,B,C	1	915	11.072	A,B,C	1	3211	33.735	A,B,C	1	467	3.38
REDEIA C - ELECTRIC - "TERNA - 2022	4, 11, 8	A,C,B	1.45	1.13	B,C,A	3	429	18.748	C,A,B	1	1172	21.571	C,A,B	1	2306	117.46	A,C,B	0	1332	181.231	B,C,A	3	560	17.991	C,A,B	1	493	12.643	B,A,C	2	17	2.055	C,A,B	1	1168	32.927	A,C,B	0	1050	11.437	B,C,A	3	3019	30.976	C,A,B	1	414	2.763
ENEL - S - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	1, 11, 5	A,C,B	1.27	0.90	B,A,C	2	1066	30.014	A,C,B	0	1428	22.518	A,C,B	0	4653	136.139	B,A,C	2	1100	46.405	C,B,A	2	724	20.748	B,A,C	2	631	11.963	C,B,A	2	17	2.507	C,A,B	1	1019	28.498	A,C,B	0	836	9.599	B,A,C	2	2993	27.689	C,A,B	1	441	3.393
TenneT H - ENI S.P. - ENEL - S 2022	7, 12, 1	C,A,B	0.91	0.83	A,C,B	1	676	28.69	C,B,A	1	993	22.559	C,A,B	0	7906	146.289	A,B,C	2	1361	92.966	C,A,B	0	607	22.778	C,A,B	0	497	12.563	B,C,A	2	516	7.161	A,C,B	1	1077	29.202	A,C,B	1	799	9.915	C,A,B	0	6575	60.725	B,C,A	2	459	3.552
TenneT H - REDEIA C - ENGIE 2022	7, 4, 10	B,A,C	1.55	0.93	A,C,B	2	377	22.778	A,C,B	2	1161	52.416	B,C,A	1	4530	185.779	B,A,C	0	1076	46.068	A,C,B	2	656	16.594	A,C,B	2	397	8.901	A,B,C	1	17	1.74	A,C,B	2	1053	35.391	B,A,C	0	1154	14.707	C,A,B	3	2955	27.373	A,C,B	2	532	2.949

	Average Distance	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	1.25	291.89	24.32	8.13	1.17	0.10	0.02
Kimi K2.6	1.08	275.44	22.95	9.89	0.68	0.06	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0.67	1206.90	100.57	40.25	0.27	0.02	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.92	1098.01	91.50	67.99	0.49	0.04	0.01
GLM 5.1	1.17	214.04	17.84	3.44	0.97	0.08	0.01
GPT-5.5	1.33	147.72	12.31	1.66	3.46	0.29	0.05
GPT-5 nano	1.58	33.17	2.76	1.49	0.03	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	1.25	368.90	30.74	3.63	4.02	0.34	0.06
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.58	137.20	11.43	1.96	0.80	0.07	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.67	463.72	38.64	14.55	2.27	0.19	0.03
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.00	37.87	3.16	0.30	0.22	0.02	0.00