To estimate the FFO (Funds From Operations) to Net Debt ratio for ENEL SpA for the year 2022 according to S&P methodology, we proceed as follows: **1. Calculate FFO (Funds From Operations):** S&P typically defines FFO as Cash Flow from Operating Activities (CFO) adjusted for non-cash working capital changes and specific items. * **CFO (Continuing):** 8,674,000,000 EUR * **Working Capital Adjustments:** The increase/decrease in working capital was 3,961,000,000 EUR. In S&P methodology, we back out these changes to arrive at a standardized FFO. * **Adjustments:** We include "Dividends received from associates" (often part of CFO) and adjust for non-cash items. * *Formula approximation:* FFO $\approx$ CFO + Increase/Decrease in Working Capital - (Items not relevant to operations). * However, a simpler standard approach for FFO is: (Cash Flow from Operating Activities - Changes in Working Capital). * Calculation: $8,674,000,000 - 3,961,000,000 = 4,713,000,000$ EUR. **2. Calculate Net Debt:** S&P defines Net Debt as Total Financial Debt minus Cash and Cash Equivalents (and marketable securities). * **Total Debt:** Includes Short-term borrowings (13,306,000,000), Current portion of long-term borrowings (4,031,000,000), and Long-term borrowings (54,500,000,000). * Total Debt = $13,306,000,000 + 4,031,000,000 + 54,500,000,000 = 71,837,000,000$ EUR. * **Cash and Cash Equivalents (2022):** 8,858,000,000 EUR. * **Net Debt:** $71,837,000,000 - 8,858,000,000 = 62,979,000,000$ EUR. **3. Calculate FFO/Net Debt Ratio:** * Ratio = $4,713,000,000 / 62,979,000,000 \approx 0.07483$. *Self-Correction on S&P methodology:* S&P often adds back "Adjustments for Accruals to Provisions" and ignores the impact of specific non-recurring charges if material. Using the basic operating cash flow reconciliation: $4,713,000,000 / 62,979,000,000 = 0.07483$. 0.07483