To estimate the Net Debt to EBITDA ratio based on the S&P methodology, we use the standard adjustments typically applied to the reported financial figures:

**1. S&P Net Debt Calculation:**
S&P defines Net Debt as all interest-bearing obligations (including lease liabilities) minus accessible cash and cash equivalents. 
- Long-term borrowings: 11,586,000,000 EUR
- Current borrowings and current portion of non-current borrowings: 1,361,000,000 EUR
- Current overdrafts and short-term borrowings from banks: 418,000,000 EUR
- Non-current lease liabilities: 2,107,000,000 EUR
- Current lease liabilities: 498,000,000 EUR
*Total Gross Debt* = 11,586 + 1,361 + 418 + 2,107 + 498 = 15,970,000,000 EUR

- Less: Cash and cash equivalents: 5,736,000,000 EUR
*Net Debt* = 15,970,000,000 - 5,736,000,000 = 10,234,000,000 EUR
*(Note: Companies often report their own "Net Debt" which may include hedging instruments, but standard S&P fundamental extraction initially uses gross debt plus leases minus cash).*

**2. S&P EBITDA Calculation:**
S&P typically calculates EBITDA by taking the reported Operating Profit (EBIT) and adding back Depreciation and Amortization (D&A), including the depreciation of Right-of-Use (ROU) assets from leases.
- Profit/Loss from Operating Activities (EBIT): 1,872,000,000 EUR
- Depreciation and Amortisation Expense: 2,228,000,000 EUR
- Depreciation of Right-of-use Assets: 446,000,000 EUR
*EBITDA* = 1,872,000,000 + 2,228,000,000 + 446,000,000 = 4,546,000,000 EUR

**3. Net Debt / EBITDA Ratio:**
Ratio = 10,234,000,000 EUR / 4,546,000,000 EUR ≈ 2.251

<answer>2.25</answer>