To estimate the FFO / Net debt ratio based on S&P methodology, we follow these steps: **1. Calculate Funds From Operations (FFO):** Standard S&P methodology defines FFO as Cash Flow from Operating Activities adjusted for certain items (like working capital changes). However, a common proxy is: *FFO = Cash Flows from Operating Activities - Changes in Working Capital* * Cash Flows from Operating Activities (2022): 1,260,000,000 EUR * Adjustments for Working Capital: * Decrease/Increase in Trade Receivables: -1,420,000,000 * Increase/Decrease in Trade Payables: 2,587,000,000 * Decrease/Increase in Inventories: -332,000,000 * Total Working Capital Change: -1,420M + 2,587M - 332M = 835,000,000 EUR * FFO = 1,260,000,000 - 835,000,000 = 425,000,000 EUR *(Note: Under S&P, FFO is often calculated as EBITDA - Interest Paid - Taxes Paid)* * EBITDA (2022): 1,505,000,000 EUR * Interest Paid (2022): 75,000,000 EUR * Taxes Paid (2022): 201,000,000 EUR * FFO = 1,505M - 75M - 201M = 1,229,000,000 EUR (This is the standard credit metric approach). **2. Calculate Net Debt:** Net Debt = (Total Financial Liabilities - Cash and Cash Equivalents) * Total Current Financial Liabilities (Other Current Financial Liabilities): 1,022,000,000 EUR * Total Noncurrent Financial Liabilities (Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities): 5,867,000,000 EUR * Total Gross Debt = 6,889,000,000 EUR * Cash and Cash Equivalents: 2,584,000,000 EUR * Net Debt = 6,889,000,000 - 2,584,000,000 = 4,305,000,000 EUR **3. Calculate FFO / Net Debt Ratio:** * Ratio = 1,229,000,000 / 4,305,000,000 ≈ 0.28548 Rounding to reasonable precision: 0.2855