Using an S&P-style approximation:

1. **Net debt estimate**
   - Gross financial debt can be approximated from:
     - Other noncurrent financial liabilities: **€5,867m**
     - Other current financial liabilities: **€1,022m**
   - Gross debt ≈ **€6,889m**
   - Less cash and cash equivalents: **€2,584m**
   - Estimated net debt ≈ **€6,889m − €2,584m = €4,305m**

2. **EBITDA**
   - Reported Gross Operating Income / EBITDA for 2022: **€1,505m**

3. **Net Debt / EBITDA**
   - €4,305m / €1,505m ≈ **2.86x**

<answer>2.86</answer>