q1a: S&P Net Debt / EBITDA (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	4.84	3.92	0.80	3.98	955	76.985	4.8	8838	109.704	4.31	10432	98.435	3.84	7235	143.679	4.06	1513	28.072	4.47	582	9.647	2.07	19	1.568	4.63	1077	25.246	3.15	1730	15.607	4.47	7178	56.629	3.38	661	2.923
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.95	1.02	0.38	1.15	3247	115.611	0.97	9098	126.136	1.29	16816	130.658	0.51	3996	39.129	0.96	900	19.286	0.82	567	10.005	1.85	18	1.371	1.05	1102	26.282	1.3	1605	16.497	0.6	13867	127.272	0.68	631	3.29
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	3.47	3.42	0.58	3.92	1096	43.436	3.27	5066	74.471	3.96	11668	79.672	3.03	4662	59.28	3.17	1230	29.477	3.03	705	14.915	2.66	18	1.294	4.74	1261	32.845	3.3	1461	12.601	3.51	16486	153.474	3.04	722	3.512
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	4.35	4.74	0.44	4.52	886	64.905	4.71	5198	81.314	4.98	16262	169.171	4.59	4765	100.258	4.45	921	20.25	4.45	683	10.897	4.12	18	1.288	5.64	1119	26.285	4.98	1169	10.78	4.46	5841	47.406	5.27	683	3.679
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	3.21	3.63	0.90	4.5	3395	83.75	4.28	6498	77.671	3.55	18503	117.335	4.28	2584	35.006	3.79	808	15.629	3.1	641	10.189	1.36	18	1.423	4.28	1196	28.645	3.26	1461	13.345	3.32	14688	115.561	4.19	705	3.347
EDP, S.A. 2022	4.06	3.89	0.75	4.1	2025	91.743	4.26	13000	222.821	3.53	10491	71.597	3.65	5529	86.191	3.59	1712	36.26	4.29	950	16.823	2.31	18	1.53	4.32	1077	27.89	5.15	2509	21.904	4.37	24275	185.553	3.2	933	3.783
ENGIE 2022	3.25	3.50	1.53	3.84	26300	529.061	3.08	10542	208.909	5.31	23516	189.136	2.63	8970	175.95	2.01	1213	19.99	2.53	883	14.841	7.12	18	1.348	4.04	1319	33.252	2.94	1364	13.121	2.79	16262	127.922	2.24	624	3.743
IBERDROLA SA 2022	3.91	4.34	0.85	5.39	1772	70.693	4.22	13457	251.056	5.23	14606	134.174	4.27	6803	141.463	4.93	1643	37.156	3.5	727	11.602	2.67	18	1.448	4.28	1191	28.054	4.7	1392	13.112	3.5	15537	154.421	5.08	672	2.953
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	2.67	2.66	0.52	2.43	1404	115.062	2.49	7032	90.409	2.11	28467	235.013	2.49	2297	25.074	2.53	833	14.934	2.49	539	9.781	2.25	18	1.185	3.72	1175	29.93	3.64	1747	16.828	2.55	8218	66.987	2.6	716	3.228
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	83.85	30.23	28.74	86.48	819	36.853	53.79	18570	275.97	8.66	40897	421.742	9.76	8875	165.954	23.15	1440	33.237	51.3	717	11.222	3.12	18	1.079	65.26	1192	28.738	13.1	1276	11.63	9.38	17202	141.717	8.5	818	3.482
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	3.92	3.74	0.62	3.73	1179	57.147	4.57	12639	222.95	4.09	16516	142.798	3.96	4822	112.861	3.51	977	23.6	4.48	996	15.534	2.47	18	1.357	3.96	1877	43.268	3.4	1797	15.696	4.0	17875	157.033	2.99	845	3.918
ØRSTED A/S 2022	2.5	2.72	1.30	4.79	1995	67.366	2.04	11520	187.493	1.91	12847	98.873	2.79	6364	92.347	2.16	1307	22.811	3.08	594	11.798	4.86	18	1.348	3.75	1233	29.043	0.68	1659	15.593	2.04	11461	90.39	1.84	686	3.871
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	-8.22	-43.21	60.73	-150.33	1057	55.562	-31.9	9431	128.32	51.38	11724	104.161	-25.12	5188	53.687	-19.55	914	23.922	-35.82	616	10.421	0.62	18	1.343	-41.13	1176	28.824	-157.68	2005	20.174	-24.21	23316	215.651	-41.59	768	3.543
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	5.04	2.45	4.38	2152	108.68	4.61	15878	279.11	11.76	17733	153.281	4.35	4647	64.688	4.23	1330	30.007	3.76	618	10.427	2.23	18	3.141	4.23	1174	25.126	6.17	1311	12.565	4.01	9548	76.165	5.7	745	3.242
Acciona SA 2022	not available	2.82	0.23	2.66	1074	57.06	2.78	14482	185.079	2.41	9748	77.849	2.66	7214	71.779	3.1	1017	15.983	2.68	660	10.352	3.12	18	1.181	2.85	1183	31.757	3.17	1459	14.16	2.79	20618	158.771	2.79	718	2.971
Fortum Oyj 2022	1.84	6.03	11.67	3.16	882	34.265	1.59	10750	160.731	2.54	22520	179.974	1.59	4657	83.27	3.98	1365	34.194	1.59	481	8.864	0.6	18	1.127	1.8	1093	27.753	7.04	1744	16.89	1.58	9989	92.446	40.81	714	3.971
VERBUND AG 2022	1.6	1.24	0.47	0.95	1181	73.358	1.12	7164	92.256	1.04	12189	79.665	1.12	4357	53.531	1.16	985	23.664	1.12	649	10.14	2.63	18	1.376	1.28	1220	30.07	1.18	2203	19.801	1.11	11167	101.051	0.98	746	3.211
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	not available	5.13	0.92	5.93	2024	67.579	5.33	11048	144.057	5.49	14845	131.42	3.83	5871	121.222	5.83	1184	25.091	5.61	751	10.449	3.04	18	1.309	5.5	1148	27.687	4.57	1502	14.085	5.63	8020	81.012	5.63	820	3.333
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	3.55	0.50	3.82	892	44.877	3.75	8391	129.337	3.18	16395	166.619	3.99	3700	51.161	3.45	854	18.21	3.75	708	11.877	2.33	18	1.166	4.17	1102	26.571	3.33	1256	11.668	3.74	11127	85.655	3.5	751	3.056
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	4.37	4.41	0.75	4.54	5384	115.253	4.16	8680	126.941	4.09	7162	88.466	4.49	5615	106.237	4.53	1176	30.6	4.36	711	11.022	2.49	18	1.214	5.05	1174	26.757	5.36	1387	12.827	4.38	11246	87.022	5.11	576	2.398
HERA S.P.A. 2022	4.23	4.01	1.18	3.8	1716	60.867	2.82	6115	78.343	4.5	17347	145.7	3.73	4277	74.57	4.31	1037	24.107	5.07	777	12.246	2.28	18	1.141	6.43	1115	24.785	4.31	1521	14.358	4.28	13101	108.759	2.59	759	3.046
VINCI 2022	1.89	2.19	0.70	2.05	781	20.053	2.33	9687	153.997	1.95	18688	206.78	1.85	4905	61.848	1.77	1099	25.806	1.97	541	9.247	4.23	18	1.259	2.04	1161	29.143	2.1	1018	9.93	1.96	13729	110.576	1.8	780	3.84
BOUYGUES 2022	3.26	1.54	0.90	2.35	1397	64.841	2.21	6682	87.259	0.62	17862	167.981	2.36	4225	58.475	0.55	741	18.833	2.21	524	8.693	0.61	18	1.406	2.58	1222	29.342	0.61	1044	9.114	2.21	10342	91.185	0.68	865	3.484
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	8.28	2.82	10.14	1211	58.405	10.42	13922	204.105	9.38	5486	56.782	9.45	5702	112.883	4.57	1333	32.208	7.26	781	14.52	3.1	18	1.846	12.04	1244	28.756	6.6	1725	16.685	6.92	11591	106.057	11.19	847	3.858

	Almost	C+A	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	13	13	1.133	-0.803	3.980	2113.41	88.06	97.43	1.52	0.06	0.02
Kimi K2.6	14	14	0.301	-0.199	0.688	3698.44	154.10	65.08	1.69	0.07	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	14	14	0.647	0.352	1.703	3447.28	143.64	75.16	0.69	0.03	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	16	16	0.294	-0.227	0.546	2090.54	87.11	41.11	0.83	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	13	13	0.316	-0.138	0.507	603.33	25.14	6.63	1.18	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	16	16	0.314	-0.241	0.790	275.51	11.48	2.23	4.21	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	4	4	0.636	-0.001	0.722	33.75	1.41	0.40	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	11	11	0.414	-0.081	0.954	696.05	29.00	3.76	4.87	0.20	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	12	12	1.368	-0.890	4.238	348.97	14.54	3.19	1.02	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	16	16	0.250	-0.227	0.513	2738.72	114.11	41.41	5.63	0.23	0.06
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	11	11	1.605	0.728	4.960	81.68	3.40	0.39	0.25	0.01	0.00

q1b: S&P FFO / Net Debt (x)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.1567	0.15	0.05	0.1402	1032	67.124	0.136	12762	209.764	0.1624	19495	241.67	0.1501	9441	268.714	0.1778	1040	23.964	0.1402	718	12.606	0.0522	19	1.668	0.1542	1278	29.941	0.2429	1531	13.965	0.1668	12963	103.591	0.1779	915	3.664
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.6593	0.67	0.19	0.7607	895	87.124	0.561	15321	208.362	0.7145	18214	228.814	0.8858	7960	237.365	0.7081	1249	23.596	0.7452	669	11.092	0.1564	19	1.517	0.6083	1434	36.825	0.7759	2186	19.035	0.6116	29271	267.189	0.7882	826	3.384
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.2317	0.23	0.05	0.2354	737	21.125	0.2699	14200	224.06	0.198	11336	141.179	0.3059	5742	85.405	0.2425	1452	31.079	0.2354	526	7.561	0.1785	19	2.94	0.1733	1268	30.401	0.3012	1455	13.401	0.1601	19048	158.328	0.249	697	3.029
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.1724	0.15	0.03	0.182	3723	129.794	0.1727	13846	270.397	0.1462	11963	100.884	0.1606	4766	82.341	0.1336	1007	31.06	0.1664	718	12.304	0.0638	19	1.24	0.1304	1230	26.757	0.1521	1283	12.561	0.1711	18587	150.615	0.1343	845	2.999
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.2063	0.16	0.04	0.1881	829	44.576	0.1579	15338	263.508	0.181	21187	264.874	0.1603	2911	53.512	0.164	1298	26.928	0.1881	680	10.118	0.0443	19	2.162	0.1321	1187	23.809	0.2115	1341	11.267	0.1802	10235	98.221	0.1579	669	2.917
EDP, S.A. 2022	0.1884	0.18	0.08	0.1486	1672	81.761	0.18	18491	252.437	0.1028	27065	200.3	0.1455	5046	83.792	0.231	1193	28.475	0.1744	1072	17.137	0.12	19	1.289	0.1635	1543	36.682	0.2163	1391	13.577	0.1158	21013	149.086	0.3934	801	3.275
ENGIE 2022	0.2483	0.33	0.13	0.474	1109	56.044	0.3776	16423	326.594	0.2608	20462	254.087	0.3816	8089	101.884	0.3342	1386	27.408	0.3152	703	11.347	0.0702	19	1.816	0.207	5080	114.5	0.5137	2045	20.826	0.2834	28576	277.494	0.4235	829	2.994
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.1965	0.19	0.05	0.2624	838	54.362	0.1804	28756	578.073	0.1722	17164	207.134	0.1743	6970	122.904	0.2096	1185	32.644	0.2185	874	14.883	0.068	19	1.428	0.2252	1319	34.66	0.2122	1524	14.428	0.194	28629	271.085	0.1868	976	4.29
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.2847	0.27	0.07	0.3352	1292	90.51	0.2981	13708	231.776	0.3321	11222	161.586	0.2981	5983	150.177	0.2102	1274	29.68	0.2979	644	11.051	0.1332	19	1.24	0.2785	1378	33.322	0.165	1447	12.73	0.3048	18538	148.398	0.2981	626	2.852
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	-0.01	0.05	0.15	-0.0105	2176	52.975	0.0567	27150	376.083	0.076	19811	225.647	-0.0113	9140	123.781	-0.0086	1064	23.526	0.0214	1012	16.028	-0.1493	19	1.223	0.0106	1287	633.845	0.4555	1961	17.024	0.076	29435	240.854	-0.0141	707	3.401
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.1972	0.19	0.06	0.2021	1179	80.444	0.191	19236	290.18	0.2135	22468	155.548	0.1949	5698	89.312	0.2893	1464	27.729	0.1654	1125	17.258	0.0451	19	1.401	0.1677	6431	130.498	0.2164	2162	19.071	0.1688	22205	178.886	0.2327	933	3.609
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.3124	0.28	0.20	0.3409	1158	50.269	0.1391	12982	178.132	0.3344	23462	434.064	0.2134	8634	207.24	0.0489	1773	30.069	0.1741	672	10.628	0.0396	19	1.298	0.2941	1180	28.733	0.3821	1398	13.719	0.7479	19525	154.184	0.3721	851	3.22
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	-0.1579	0.01	0.18	-0.0275	986	56.014	-0.0157	20697	315.144	0.5349	24916	233.917	-0.0854	5692	97.89	-0.0302	1174	29.429	-0.0501	702	12.977	-0.0689	19	1.482	0.0059	10228	219.446	-0.0706	1222	12.063	-0.0711	26451	207.937	-0.0095	890	3.824
ERG S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.15	0.07	0.1594	1041	62.311	0.1688	22142	432.758	-0.0109	34987	336.558	0.1688	5547	73.184	0.1868	1332	32.432	0.1895	751	12.057	0.0473	19	1.295	0.162	1262	29.34	0.202	1620	14.092	0.189	16354	122.554	0.1654	785	3.132
Acciona SA 2022	not available	0.27	0.06	0.3179	1529	104.338	0.2074	14772	203.557	0.3141	22852	264.567	0.2372	8415	249.462	0.3395	1313	28.759	0.2953	736	11.766	0.1746	19	1.383	0.209	1155	29.12	0.2324	1333	11.715	0.2899	19093	152.721	0.3218	887	3.4
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.4556	0.39	0.22	0.5331	766	52.503	0.5174	14470	194.797	0.182	33739	404.076	0.6213	6963	116.531	0.4499	1176	25.386	0.5331	719	12.249	-0.1472	19	1.321	0.4599	1112	28.792	0.3936	1660	15.428	0.5594	12088	119.613	0.2406	688	2.569
VERBUND AG 2022	0.5174	0.79	0.22	1.0054	1245	55.183	0.7847	11562	243.68	0.67	15860	208.625	0.9896	7676	140.69	0.7847	928	18.619	0.7847	791	12.284	0.2324	19	1.359	0.6895	1161	39.048	1.0051	1480	12.955	0.7945	24318	185.043	0.934	694	3.338
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.15	0.02	0.1442	848	28.175	0.1485	10145	142.507	0.1426	22724	193.627	0.1471	8927	165.197	0.1445	897	19.99	0.1442	656	10.062	0.1589	19	3.11	0.1383	1226	28.88	0.2213	1426	12.537	0.148	10919	76.394	0.1509	912	3.521
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	not available	0.20	0.02	0.2128	4146	86.276	0.1773	13996	204.731	0.2024	30799	1014.628	0.1833	5601	111.654	0.1825	921	20.62	0.2117	637	10.701	0.1651	19	3.737	0.2011	1122	27.772	0.2068	1186	9.59	0.1978	30303	274.05	0.2108	651	3.236
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1686	0.18	0.08	0.1604	3746	83.923	0.1693	11639	248.264	0.1941	9051	70.956	0.1881	1846	38.74	0.4032	1443	37.303	0.1821	758	10.297	0.0639	19	1.262	0.1436	1087	26.929	0.1503	1304	11.405	0.1735	24002	247.025	0.1495	799	3.139
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.1733	0.19	0.04	0.1891	1183	48.753	0.2422	17295	224.264	0.1721	21351	201.873	0.211	6909	94.998	0.1816	1125	24.893	0.1986	788	12.695	0.1109	19	1.163	0.1394	1079	25.52	0.2568	1417	13.315	0.1694	11329	88.904	0.203	798	3.09
VINCI 2022	0.4221	0.37	0.07	0.398	791	50.82	0.352	16924	239.231	0.4192	26298	469.698	0.4159	5537	109.558	0.4085	994	26.212	0.3981	633	9.691	0.1839	19	2.707	0.3131	1360	34.652	0.3947	1072	10.343	0.3982	19956	181.581	0.3897	936	3.253
BOUYGUES 2022	0.2446	0.64	0.53	0.3502	2464	68.668	0.377	8125	117.882	0.3754	19794	222.652	0.3334	5492	97.145	1.3709	764	15.063	0.3938	653	10.171	0.2021	19	1.376	0.2454	1136	26.434	1.4638	1348	12.806	0.377	7443	58.582	1.5515	860	3.674
FERROVIAL SA 2022	not available	0.07	0.02	0.0564	1466	69.588	0.1002	17668	277.744	0.055	19103	222.74	0.0874	8199	106.594	0.1034	1021	22.109	0.0462	756	12.897	0.0796	19	1.513	0.0622	1245	30.39	0.0564	1555	15.06	0.1029	11889	95.302	0.0473	761	3.157

	Almost	C+A	Mean Absolute Error (ratio)	Mean Bias Error (ratio)	Root Mean Squared Error (ratio)	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	19	19	0.252	0.193	0.389	1582.66	65.94	24.04	1.43	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	19	19	0.594	0.448	1.569	6253.92	260.58	96.45	2.27	0.09	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	19	19	0.846	0.676	2.228	6459.70	269.15	184.97	0.83	0.03	0.01
Qwen 3.6 Plus	19	19	0.254	0.133	0.334	3008.07	125.34	60.22	0.92	0.04	0.01
GLM 5.1	18	18	0.550	0.384	1.156	636.97	26.54	5.07	1.19	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	19	19	0.362	0.261	0.774	289.86	12.08	2.34	4.27	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	19	19	1.320	-1.260	3.261	40.93	1.71	0.70	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	19	19	0.298	0.079	0.558	1706.30	71.10	128.12	5.35	0.22	0.07
Claude Haiku 4.5	18	18	3.002	2.912	10.748	332.91	13.87	2.76	1.01	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	19	19	0.700	0.580	2.015	4007.64	166.98	67.34	7.42	0.31	0.09
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	18	18	0.603	0.437	1.307	78.97	3.29	0.36	0.25	0.01	0.00

q1c: Leverage Trend (Moody's Adjusted)

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Improving	-0.55	0.69	Deteriorating	1246	54.156	Deteriorating	6038	85.018	Improving	16298	143.165	Deteriorating	5670	103.644	Stable	2178	39.072	Deteriorating	1199	15.687	Stable	16	1.408	Deteriorating	1551	31.261	Deteriorating	2384	20.358	Stable	9840	70.807	Deteriorating	1069	3.776
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2629	174.413	Improving	13319	228.173	Improving	12540	107.44	Improving	3564	43.637	Improving	1889	52.107	Improving	1559	19.246	Stable	16	1.213	Improving	1684	30.93	Improving	2037	16.3	Improving	6438	47.67	Improving	786	3.134
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Improving	-0.82	0.40	Deteriorating	1700	61.116	Deteriorating	11352	175.131	Deteriorating	21789	185.966	Deteriorating	3747	59.372	Deteriorating	1347	27.661	Deteriorating	1161	12.74	Stable	16	1.149	Deteriorating	1330	25.779	Deteriorating	2599	21.247	Stable	7987	59.816	Deteriorating	1191	3.843
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	1215	44.635	Improving	3316	50.122	Improving	8631	108.408	Improving	3279	69.994	Improving	1463	27.729	Improving	1969	22.027	Stable	16	1.084	Improving	1914	33.376	Improving	2365	19.099	Improving	6717	47.407	Improving	1257	4.04
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Improving	0.27	0.65	Stable	1531	73.324	Stable	4398	82.049	Improving	13443	133.097	Stable	3403	58.724	Deteriorating	1303	30.924	Stable	1624	20.056	Stable	16	1.116	Improving	1850	34.95	Improving	1725	13.68	Improving	11894	89.231	Stable	887	3.101
EDP, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.27	0.79	Improving	2504	92.317	Improving	9087	112.218	Stable	14989	98.847	Stable	5053	79.166	Stable	1773	38.219	Improving	1716	18.969	Stable	16	1.373	Improving	4348	91.357	Deteriorating	3119	26.384	Improving	8190	58.74	Deteriorating	1257	4.047
ENGIE 2022	Improving	-0.27	0.90	Improving	2275	64.878	Deteriorating	10883	128.246	Deteriorating	11810	94.513	Deteriorating	4920	60.608	Improving	1828	32.995	Deteriorating	1481	18.047	Stable	16	1.181	Stable	8876	180.435	Deteriorating	3176	24.972	Improving	7091	52.915	Deteriorating	863	3.269
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Stable	-0.36	0.50	Deteriorating	2820	65.959	Stable	11003	144.914	Stable	8096	79.752	Deteriorating	4785	80.087	Stable	2059	43.242	Stable	1593	16.886	Stable	16	15.758	Stable	2179	45.316	Deteriorating	2724	20.22	Stable	10131	74.855	Deteriorating	807	3.61
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	1074	44.55	Improving	4684	64.078	Improving	6624	87.995	Improving	3858	57.747	Improving	1601	30.599	Improving	1547	19.143	Stable	16	1.24	Improving	2732	54.96	Improving	2703	22.419	Improving	4052	30.555	Improving	1170	4.702
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	2707	84.255	Deteriorating	16411	234.749	Deteriorating	12769	151.027	Deteriorating	4710	74.051	Deteriorating	1703	28.386	Deteriorating	1530	17.297	Stable	16	1.093	Deteriorating	5348	124.32	Deteriorating	2369	17.234	Deteriorating	6335	50.196	Deteriorating	861	3.758
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Deteriorating	-0.27	0.90	Deteriorating	2578	133.855	Stable	14133	167.043	Improving	12898	85.73	Deteriorating	6874	105.388	Deteriorating	1756	37.461	Deteriorating	1968	23.695	Stable	16	1.331	Improving	7445	151.935	Improving	2462	19.88	Deteriorating	18275	125.12	Deteriorating	888	3.346
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Improving	0.73	0.65	Improving	2749	82.194	Improving	2905	42.904	Improving	16073	144.862	Improving	3076	38.234	Improving	1624	32.763	Improving	1609	19.795	Deteriorating	1325	10.867	Stable	2033	42.741	Improving	2970	22.893	Improving	8165	70.11	Improving	965	4.586
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Deteriorating	-0.73	0.65	Deteriorating	3515	57.595	Deteriorating	11260	244.548	Deteriorating	10747	111.594	Deteriorating	6756	84.989	Deteriorating	2040	38.573	Deteriorating	1791	23.397	Stable	16	6.322	Deteriorating	2192	49.271	Improving	2488	19.879	Deteriorating	4883	39.241	Deteriorating	1078	4.502
ERG S.P.A. 2022	NA	0.91	0.30	Improving	1830	78.944	Improving	10706	113.982	Improving	17515	219.485	Improving	4629	74.29	Improving	1855	38.53	Improving	1427	16.561	Stable	16	1.229	Improving	2802	57.106	Improving	2270	17.101	Improving	6066	42.463	Improving	1155	3.932
Acciona SA 2022	NA	0.45	0.82	Stable	2079	155.307	Improving	10594	176.585	Improving	16772	155.079	Improving	4364	83.547	Deteriorating	1763	43.683	Improving	1727	21.461	Stable	16	1.273	Improving	1797	32.981	Improving	2737	23.22	Improving	12270	91.274	Deteriorating	832	3.252
Fortum Oyj 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	3088	108.432	Improving	9623	222.387	Improving	15454	106.729	Improving	3430	55.556	Improving	1762	32.974	Improving	1561	16.778	Stable	16	1.161	Improving	1437	29.219	Improving	2288	18.941	Improving	7551	61.466	Improving	978	3.813
VERBUND AG 2022	Deteriorating	0.09	0.94	Improving	1780	53.206	Improving	10694	150.586	Deteriorating	22518	152.183	Deteriorating	6160	115.646	Deteriorating	1855	31.258	Improving	1465	15.028	Stable	16	1.247	Improving	2244	50.314	Stable	2670	22.142	Improving	7524	56.317	Deteriorating	824	3.505
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	NA	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	1137	57.158	Deteriorating	5002	82.742	Deteriorating	13960	178.286	Deteriorating	4107	73.066	Deteriorating	1590	34.421	Deteriorating	1789	18.832	Stable	16	1.251	Deteriorating	1985	50.212	Deteriorating	2102	16.319	Deteriorating	6229	46.606	Deteriorating	848	3.228
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	NA	-0.18	0.40	Stable	2642	78.905	Stable	12687	186.603	Stable	13478	121.449	Deteriorating	4380	58.331	Stable	1375	23.924	Stable	1261	13.751	Stable	16	10.169	Stable	1447	27.831	Stable	2163	15.697	Deteriorating	18307	164.394	Stable	906	3.387
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2040	79.238	Improving	2817	46.42	Improving	18274	177.855	Improving	3279	36.584	Improving	1338	26.54	Improving	1681	17.624	Stable	16	1.037	Improving	1765	34.118	Improving	1890	14.205	Improving	5246	37.416	Improving	846	3.315
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	1513	57.543	Deteriorating	15076	219.009	Deteriorating	18964	233.59	Deteriorating	5513	104.315	Deteriorating	1523	31.593	Deteriorating	1547	16.412	Stable	16	1.204	Deteriorating	1927	35.337	Deteriorating	2119	14.823	Deteriorating	6422	46.618	Deteriorating	935	3.737
VINCI 2022	Improving	0.91	0.30	Improving	2182	90.575	Improving	9972	133.37	Improving	20052	216.119	Improving	6064	111.582	Improving	1795	39.174	Improving	1310	14.813	Stable	16	1.188	Improving	2551	55.046	Improving	2290	16.397	Improving	5929	42.244	Improving	890	3.497
BOUYGUES 2022	Deteriorating	-0.91	0.30	Deteriorating	3130	110.986	Deteriorating	11728	153.578	Deteriorating	19112	198.501	Deteriorating	5542	103.54	Deteriorating	1771	30.328	Deteriorating	1249	12.83	Stable	16	1.033	Deteriorating	2006	36.183	Deteriorating	2296	16.944	Deteriorating	6549	48.055	Deteriorating	1029	3.738
FERROVIAL SA 2022	NA	-0.64	0.67	Deteriorating	7962	117.36	Deteriorating	20993	281.536	Stable	16844	170.044	Deteriorating	6838	90.506	Deteriorating	1895	32.57	Deteriorating	1996	22.702	Stable	16	1.187	Improving	2699	59.127	Deteriorating	3563	27.24	Deteriorating	11056	80.463	Deteriorating	898	3.645

	Correct	Almost	C+A	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	14	2	16	0.42	-0.21	0.86	2020.90	84.20	34.11	1.52	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	13	2	15	0.53	-0.21	0.97	3525.99	146.92	68.75	1.68	0.07	0.02
MiniMax M2.7	15	1	16	0.37	-0.16	0.83	3461.72	144.24	45.55	0.66	0.03	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	13	3	16	0.47	-0.47	0.89	1822.60	75.94	23.18	0.80	0.03	0.01
GLM 5.1	15	2	17	0.32	-0.32	0.73	824.73	34.36	6.42	1.26	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	14	1	15	0.47	-0.26	0.95	433.78	18.07	3.15	4.92	0.21	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	17	18	1.00	-0.37	1.05	67.11	2.80	3.91	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	13	2	15	0.53	-0.11	0.97	1364.10	56.84	40.35	5.88	0.24	0.06
Claude Haiku 4.5	11	2	13	0.74	-0.21	1.17	467.59	19.48	3.78	1.14	0.05	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	16	2	18	0.21	0.00	0.56	1533.98	63.92	30.12	4.22	0.18	0.05
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	13	2	15	0.53	-0.53	0.97	88.76	3.70	0.44	0.26	0.01	0.00

q2: Suitability

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	541	20.756	Strongly Suitable	2375	62.445	Strongly Suitable	2299	12.648	Strongly Suitable	732	14.282	Strongly Suitable	398	12.078	Strongly Suitable	598	16.842	Strongly Suitable	219	3.315	Strongly Suitable	1223	33.422	Strongly Suitable	1553	16.371	Strongly Suitable	1647	20.814	Strongly Suitable	397	2.786
ENI S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.45	0.52	Marginally Suitable	822	49.617	Marginally Suitable	1613	37.729	Marginally Suitable	6127	31.373	Marginally Suitable	1277	13.953	Marginally Suitable	416	14.795	Strongly Suitable	587	53.819	Strongly Suitable	433	4.481	Strongly Suitable	950	23.963	Strongly Suitable	1637	17.968	Marginally Suitable	3051	32.191	Strongly Suitable	499	3.002
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	910	133.939	Strongly Suitable	1315	96.68	Strongly Suitable	2537	13.561	Strongly Suitable	901	12.971	Strongly Suitable	527	14.297	Strongly Suitable	551	13.696	Strongly Suitable	244	3.3	Strongly Suitable	1102	30.687	Strongly Suitable	1653	18.197	Strongly Suitable	1613	17.097	Strongly Suitable	475	3.155
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	108	17.733	Strongly Suitable	1220	24.165	Strongly Suitable	1906	10.328	Strongly Suitable	726	9.715	Strongly Suitable	410	10.131	Strongly Suitable	564	13.604	Strongly Suitable	449	6.111	Strongly Suitable	961	26.625	Strongly Suitable	1243	13.267	Strongly Suitable	1205	13.065	Strongly Suitable	345	2.068
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	474	43.355	Strongly Suitable	1372	34.28	Strongly Suitable	1883	11.049	Strongly Suitable	1044	14.805	Strongly Suitable	407	11.918	Strongly Suitable	593	14.302	Strongly Suitable	273	7.442	Strongly Suitable	913	26.484	Strongly Suitable	1085	12.604	Strongly Suitable	1663	68.938	Strongly Suitable	416	2.626
EDP, S.A. 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	576	24.549	Strongly Suitable	1137	38.734	Strongly Suitable	1334	8.426	Strongly Suitable	655	9.706	Strongly Suitable	376	11.549	Strongly Suitable	626	14.249	Strongly Suitable	482	4.554	Strongly Suitable	1038	28.333	Strongly Suitable	2289	26.287	Strongly Suitable	1276	13.623	Strongly Suitable	382	2.494
ENGIE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	469	15.604	Strongly Suitable	1603	75.161	Strongly Suitable	3358	30.271	Strongly Suitable	1046	19.432	Strongly Suitable	447	12.306	Strongly Suitable	612	14.148	Marginally Suitable	283	2.843	Strongly Suitable	1199	30.814	Marginally Suitable	1717	19.402	Strongly Suitable	1205	15.956	Strongly Suitable	432	2.718
IBERDROLA SA 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	621	31.617	Strongly Suitable	1213	45.712	Strongly Suitable	2137	13.476	Strongly Suitable	759	13.721	Strongly Suitable	394	16.863	Strongly Suitable	537	12.312	Strongly Suitable	242	2.686	Strongly Suitable	1047	28.841	Strongly Suitable	1492	16.671	Strongly Suitable	1146	23.924	Strongly Suitable	460	2.755
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	431	25.162	Marginally Suitable	1609	40.667	Strongly Suitable	1634	10.631	Strongly Suitable	825	16.441	Strongly Suitable	347	8.988	Strongly Suitable	631	15.787	Marginally Suitable	376	5.106	Strongly Suitable	1025	26.659	Strongly Suitable	1329	14.866	Strongly Suitable	986	19.903	Strongly Suitable	423	3.128
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	335	103.417	Strongly Suitable	1173	27.127	Strongly Suitable	2524	15.874	Strongly Suitable	689	10.798	Strongly Suitable	418	13.313	Strongly Suitable	569	14.196	Marginally Suitable	541	5.334	Strongly Suitable	1056	29.191	Marginally Suitable	1725	20.158	Strongly Suitable	1494	17.051	Strongly Suitable	438	2.478
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.91	0.30	Strongly Suitable	560	29.481	Strongly Suitable	1361	45.242	Strongly Suitable	1283	12.799	Strongly Suitable	665	9.591	Strongly Suitable	410	13.789	Strongly Suitable	628	14.005	Marginally Suitable	308	3.537	Strongly Suitable	945	24.529	Strongly Suitable	1500	17.059	Strongly Suitable	1303	13.967	Strongly Suitable	418	2.827
ØRSTED A/S 2022	Strongly Suitable	2.00	0.00	Strongly Suitable	656	56.976	Strongly Suitable	1429	58.31	Strongly Suitable	2385	14.57	Strongly Suitable	1028	17.216	Strongly Suitable	347	23.28	Strongly Suitable	672	14.664	Strongly Suitable	272	3.728	Strongly Suitable	1109	29.304	Strongly Suitable	1700	19.638	Strongly Suitable	1006	11.333	Strongly Suitable	445	2.818
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	Strongly Suitable	1.82	0.40	Strongly Suitable	1125	35.511	Strongly Suitable	1533	64.824	Strongly Suitable	3146	14.508	Strongly Suitable	812	13.531	Strongly Suitable	473	12.103	Strongly Suitable	630	15.409	Marginally Suitable	527	5.24	Strongly Suitable	1123	29.718	Marginally Suitable	1521	17.134	Strongly Suitable	1181	15.511	Strongly Suitable	476	3.757
ERG S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	0.82	0.60	Not Suitable	682	28.741	Marginally Suitable	1929	57.987	Marginally Suitable	4473	21.69	Marginally Suitable	1663	19.833	Marginally Suitable	594	18.497	Marginally Suitable	599	12.643	Marginally Suitable	523	4.39	Marginally Suitable	1235	31.849	Not Suitable	1236	14.099	Not Suitable	2110	20.589	Strongly Suitable	465	2.694
Acciona SA 2022	Marginally Suitable	0.73	0.47	Not Suitable	436	10.804	Marginally Suitable	1231	43.596	Marginally Suitable	5159	22.771	Marginally Suitable	1111	14.483	Marginally Suitable	407	10.492	Marginally Suitable	903	20.19	Marginally Suitable	425	4.114	Marginally Suitable	1026	25.594	Not Suitable	1987	21.849	Not Suitable	3431	32.75	Marginally Suitable	419	2.761
Fortum Oyj 2022	Not Suitable	0.73	0.47	Not Suitable	461	42.516	Marginally Suitable	1681	48.956	Marginally Suitable	3068	24.363	Marginally Suitable	1678	19.922	Marginally Suitable	524	12.692	Marginally Suitable	674	15.162	Marginally Suitable	328	4.075	Marginally Suitable	1327	30.288	Marginally Suitable	1704	19.219	Not Suitable	1495	15.687	Not Suitable	472	6.042
VERBUND AG 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.00	0.77	Not Suitable	689	33.56	Marginally Suitable	1981	73.229	Strongly Suitable	2031	13.986	Strongly Suitable	1017	11.665	Strongly Suitable	393	12.514	Not Suitable	469	12.587	Marginally Suitable	395	3.983	Marginally Suitable	966	26.171	Marginally Suitable	1773	20.634	Not Suitable	1409	19.122	Marginally Suitable	517	3.383
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.18	0.60	Strongly Suitable	431	24.719	Marginally Suitable	1489	67.409	Marginally Suitable	3216	19.704	Marginally Suitable	1472	19.06	Marginally Suitable	526	14.612	Marginally Suitable	615	15.317	Marginally Suitable	532	5.263	Strongly Suitable	1311	35.994	Marginally Suitable	1240	14.442	Not Suitable	3684	39.899	Strongly Suitable	504	2.828
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.00	0.63	Marginally Suitable	1084	103.48	Marginally Suitable	1707	106.576	Strongly Suitable	2701	18.362	Strongly Suitable	1586	23.765	Marginally Suitable	574	16.309	Marginally Suitable	601	13.837	Marginally Suitable	312	3.624	Marginally Suitable	1068	26.036	Not Suitable	1656	17.208	Not Suitable	2516	29.236	Marginally Suitable	482	2.813
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	0.91	0.30	Marginally Suitable	605	41.986	Marginally Suitable	1980	30.678	Marginally Suitable	4881	22.254	Marginally Suitable	1072	12.719	Marginally Suitable	460	11.831	Marginally Suitable	433	291.834	Marginally Suitable	155	2.197	Marginally Suitable	1119	28.594	Marginally Suitable	1437	17.365	Not Suitable	1927	20.773	Marginally Suitable	469	2.512
HERA S.P.A. 2022	Marginally Suitable	1.18	0.40	Marginally Suitable	1142	78.569	Marginally Suitable	1319	50.785	Strongly Suitable	2689	16.928	Strongly Suitable	908	12.407	Marginally Suitable	498	14.312	Marginally Suitable	434	13.201	Marginally Suitable	460	4.559	Marginally Suitable	1283	33.173	Marginally Suitable	1479	15.781	Marginally Suitable	2943	31.16	Marginally Suitable	570	3.084
VINCI 2022	Not Suitable	0.73	0.47	Not Suitable	569	28.392	Marginally Suitable	1567	34.349	Marginally Suitable	2159	11.38	Marginally Suitable	1361	17.025	Marginally Suitable	483	16.811	Marginally Suitable	519	11.121	Marginally Suitable	406	4.419	Marginally Suitable	1121	30.897	Marginally Suitable	1764	19.786	Not Suitable	1179	17.95	Not Suitable	502	2.854
BOUYGUES 2022	Not Suitable	0.82	0.40	Marginally Suitable	901	29.958	Marginally Suitable	1227	40.167	Marginally Suitable	2611	18.755	Marginally Suitable	1584	26.546	Marginally Suitable	502	12.547	Marginally Suitable	569	12.38	Marginally Suitable	531	4.364	Marginally Suitable	1101	29.26	Not Suitable	1562	17.698	Not Suitable	3136	30.502	Marginally Suitable	532	3.235
FERROVIAL SA 2022	Not Suitable	0.82	0.60	Marginally Suitable	695	28.844	Not Suitable	1272	98.984	Marginally Suitable	3705	27.442	Marginally Suitable	1064	17.564	Marginally Suitable	501	17.796	Marginally Suitable	638	15.367	Marginally Suitable	252	3.841	Strongly Suitable	1220	29.534	Not Suitable	1815	19.897	Not Suitable	3873	34.169	Marginally Suitable	555	3.227

	Correct	Almost	C+A	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	17	7	24	0.29	0.04	0.54	1039.29	43.30	31.10	1.38	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	21	3	24	0.12	0.12	0.35	1303.79	54.32	22.76	0.88	0.04	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	16	8	24	0.33	0.33	0.58	417.15	17.38	6.42	0.31	0.01	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	16	8	24	0.33	0.33	0.58	371.15	15.46	4.38	0.54	0.02	0.00
GLM 5.1	18	6	24	0.25	0.25	0.50	333.82	13.91	3.14	1.14	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	17	7	24	0.29	0.21	0.54	660.67	27.53	56.90	4.24	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	15	9	24	0.38	0.04	0.61	102.51	4.27	1.14	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	17	6	23	0.33	0.33	0.65	695.96	29.00	2.94	4.92	0.20	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	14	10	24	0.42	-0.08	0.65	427.60	17.82	3.01	1.04	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	17	7	24	0.29	-0.21	0.54	575.21	23.97	12.41	2.36	0.10	0.02
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	18	6	24	0.25	0.25	0.50	72.05	3.00	0.73	0.24	0.01	0.00

q3: Size

	ground truth	LLM average	LLM std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Out tokens	Time
ENEL - SPA 2022	0.0375	0.08	0.02	7.5%	948	29.496	7.5%	1611	52.323	7.5%	4759	55.342	7.5%	1873	62.403	11.25%	1036	21.206	7.5%	808	17.971	3.75%	18	2.514	11.25%	1399	35.447	7.5%	1566	17.256	7.5%	3823	36.991	7.5%	681	3.493
ENI S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.06	0.04	3.75%	654	23.737	7.5%	1051	35.634	11.25%	5072	61.399	0%	1570	44.593	0%	776	20.325	7.5%	864	19.954	11.25%	751	7.562	7.5%	1310	34.977	7.5%	1784	19.938	7.5%	2766	25.369	3.75%	490	3.238
A2A ENERGIA S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.07	0.03	0%	623	13.905	7.5%	3153	78.614	7.5%	4524	39.131	3.75%	2838	52.446	11.25%	879	19.958	7.5%	575	13.341	7.5%	18	1.162	7.5%	1648	38.93	7.5%	1655	17.314	7.5%	4381	44.8	7.5%	577	2.99
"TERNA - RETE ELETTRICA NAZIONALE SOCIETA' PER AZIONI" (IN FORMA ABBREVIATA "TERNA S.P.A.") 2022	0.075	0.07	0.02	7.5%	663	26.43	7.5%	1268	25.761	7.5%	7968	86.875	7.5%	1574	37.005	3.75%	904	24.285	7.5%	629	15.337	11.25%	538	6.085	7.5%	1588	40.183	7.5%	2200	24.38	7.5%	2375	21.453	7.5%	523	3.532
REDEIA CORPORACION SA 2022	0.075	0.02	0.03	0%	657	20.978	0%	1819	52.967	0%	9204	95.239	0%	1504	50.086	7.5%	910	22.066	7.5%	571	14.063	3.75%	18	1.675	0%	1374	35.581	3.75%	1710	18.397	3.75%	3058	28.934	0%	438	2.696
EDP, S.A. 2022	0.075	0.09	0.03	0%	711	30.519	7.5%	1512	32.004	11.25%	7434	55.762	11.25%	2407	39.109	7.5%	860	19.973	11.25%	602	15.101	7.5%	18	1.238	11.25%	1482	37.978	7.5%	1943	20.352	11.25%	2778	25.031	11.25%	543	3.669
ENGIE 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.02	11.25%	642	31.747	7.5%	1199	28.643	7.5%	6062	70.207	7.5%	1893	44.741	7.5%	1001	33.615	7.5%	669	18.192	7.5%	18	1.396	7.5%	1480	38.688	3.75%	1911	19.808	3.75%	2856	27.076	7.5%	557	3.384
IBERDROLA SA 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.02	7.5%	621	18.359	7.5%	1375	28.914	7.5%	7700	61.979	3.75%	2012	49.565	7.5%	829	20.06	7.5%	490	12.391	7.5%	892	7.863	11.25%	1514	39.775	7.5%	1988	21.201	7.5%	2898	27.066	7.5%	697	4.504
NATURGY ENERGY GROUP SA 2022	0.0375	0.07	0.03	11.25%	1109	36.954	7.5%	1409	36.433	0%	11139	131.749	7.5%	1750	33.767	7.5%	858	19.452	7.5%	521	12.209	7.5%	656	7.41	3.75%	1349	34.668	7.5%	2017	21.59	7.5%	3411	34.556	7.5%	546	3.106
TenneT Holding B.V. 2022	0.075	0.11	0.02	15%	1140	49.538	11.25%	1920	45.076	11.25%	4595	42.234	11.25%	2656	45.453	11.25%	784	16.223	15%	648	14.216	7.5%	272	3.177	11.25%	1605	41.531	11.25%	2052	24.042	7.5%	3923	34.024	11.25%	505	3.209
VEOLIA ENVIRONNEMENT 2022	0.0375	0.10	0.03	3.75%	665	22.906	11.25%	2082	64.108	11.25%	14523	139.462	11.25%	1765	32.612	7.5%	909	22.879	11.25%	676	16.694	11.25%	467	26.46	11.25%	1444	38.313	7.5%	1357	14.891	7.5%	3718	38.121	11.25%	662	3.552
ØRSTED A/S 2022	0.1125	0.09	0.04	7.5%	571	13.881	7.5%	2624	68.796	11.25%	9563	70.401	11.25%	1803	30.283	0%	765	17.171	7.5%	676	16.15	11.25%	687	6.95	15%	1486	38.091	3.75%	2385	23.856	11.25%	3208	27.567	11.25%	483	3.208
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 2022	0.075	0.13	0.03	11.25%	623	35.926	15%	1606	44.587	11.25%	8759	102.625	15%	3196	66.937	15%	831	26.03	15%	724	16.805	11.25%	409	3.994	15%	1618	41.134	7.5%	1585	18.796	15%	2605	26.083	15%	449	2.995
ERG S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.04	0.04	0%	1564	24.453	0%	1461	48.078	11.25%	12717	114.854	7.5%	1918	29.046	7.5%	872	28.88	3.75%	471	11.189	7.5%	473	5.125	3.75%	1436	39.933	7.5%	1745	19.548	0%	1180	15.055	0%	513	3.371
Acciona SA 2022	0.0375	0.04	0.03	0%	1389	40.791	0%	1437	39.866	0%	6462	45.32	7.5%	3756	57.088	3.75%	687	17.278	3.75%	594	13.01	3.75%	18	1.213	7.5%	1702	41.805	7.5%	2402	25.499	0%	1278	14.155	7.5%	466	2.818
Fortum Oyj 2022	0.0	0.05	0.05	0%	460	18.967	0%	958	31.049	7.5%	4300	51.984	7.5%	1233	29.005	15%	748	20.13	0%	507	12.573	0%	16	1.52	7.5%	1508	37.086	7.5%	1644	18.845	0%	940	9.647	7.5%	519	3.074
VERBUND AG 2022	0.0375	0.02	0.03	0%	831	38.443	0%	1092	30.295	0%	5262	45.64	0%	1193	23.431	0%	797	18.167	0%	580	15.202	7.5%	583	6.534	3.75%	1432	37.235	7.5%	2096	23.525	0%	1321	11.564	0%	550	7.035
ITALGAS S.P.A. 2022	0.0375	0.05	0.04	0%	582	16.681	0%	1203	31.528	11.25%	5290	47.346	7.5%	2031	38.48	7.5%	675	18.899	3.75%	544	14.954	FAIL	671	6.614	7.5%	1609	42.253	7.5%	1767	19.336	0%	1326	13.883	7.5%	544	3.275
ACEA S.P.A. 2022	0.075	0.05	0.04	0%	1194	38.179	0%	1420	61.86	11.25%	7382	66.372	7.5%	1615	32.806	7.5%	982	21.857	3.75%	549	13.965	0%	16	1.03	7.5%	1504	37.951	7.5%	1796	18.324	0%	784	10.047	7.5%	553	3.344
REN - REDES ENERGÉTICAS NACIONAIS, SGPS, S.A. 2022	0.1125	0.04	0.04	0%	622	46.679	0%	1206	32.701	7.5%	7458	59.076	0%	1976	34.69	7.5%	829	22.258	0%	518	12.464	11.25%	582	5.701	7.5%	1517	36.467	0%	1703	19.648	0%	1451	14.877	7.5%	567	3.3
HERA S.P.A. 2022	0.0375	0.06	0.04	0%	641	15.615	0%	1372	45.313	11.25%	8032	57.986	7.5%	2416	41.765	7.5%	960	25.316	3.75%	482	11.97	11.25%	579	5.293	7.5%	1455	35.719	7.5%	1768	18.948	0%	1345	13.639	7.5%	587	3.407
VINCI 2022	0.0	0.03	0.03	0%	669	43.163	0%	1357	42.532	0%	4015	30.679	3.75%	2587	47.435	7.5%	766	27.338	0%	525	12.146	7.5%	232	3.052	3.75%	1490	38.546	3.75%	1304	15.196	0%	1262	14.708	7.5%	516	3.109
BOUYGUES 2022	0.0	0.06	0.04	0%	525	22.481	3.75%	1531	29.814	11.25%	11941	96.065	7.5%	1108	20.667	7.5%	748	23.345	3.75%	603	14.075	7.5%	507	5.142	11.25%	1675	43.456	7.5%	1744	19.676	0%	1307	15.358	7.5%	603	3.234
FERROVIAL SA 2022	0.0	0.06	0.05	0%	1037	54.034	0%	1342	40.985	11.25%	8861	123.78	7.5%	1451	22.413	11.25%	633	15.844	3.75%	630	16.307	7.5%	413	4.294	7.5%	1365	36.606	7.5%	1873	22.029	0%	1251	20.289	11.25%	561	3.428

	Failures	Correct	Almost	C+A	Mean Absolute Error	Mean Bias Error	Root Mean Squared Error	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	0	6	9	15	0.044	-0.016	0.054	713.86	29.74	11.76	1.40	0.06	0.01
Kimi K2.6	0	7	11	18	0.037	-0.006	0.048	1027.88	42.83	14.16	0.88	0.04	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	0	4	13	17	0.045	0.027	0.055	1751.51	72.98	31.02	0.44	0.02	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0	5	11	16	0.044	0.016	0.053	965.83	40.24	12.29	0.60	0.03	0.00
GLM 5.1	0	5	11	16	0.048	0.023	0.062	522.56	21.77	4.23	1.17	0.05	0.01
GPT-5.5	0	9	11	20	0.031	0.009	0.043	350.28	14.59	2.26	4.25	0.18	0.03
GPT-5 nano	1	9	8	17	0.033	0.023	0.044	123.00	5.13	5.11	0.04	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	0	6	10	16	0.042	0.030	0.052	922.35	38.43	2.44	5.14	0.21	0.03
Claude Haiku 4.5	0	8	11	19	0.034	0.016	0.046	482.39	20.10	2.76	1.07	0.04	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	0	10	10	20	0.030	-0.008	0.043	550.29	22.93	9.90	2.47	0.10	0.02
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	0	4	12	16	0.045	0.023	0.054	82.97	3.46	0.84	0.24	0.01	0.00

q4: priority

	Ground truth priorities	Ground truth order	LLM dist average	LLM dist std. dev.	DeepSeek-V4-Pro	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Kimi K2.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	MiniMax M2.7	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Qwen 3.6 Plus	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GLM 5.1	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	GPT-5 nano	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Opus 4.6	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Claude Haiku 4.5	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time	Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	Distance	Out tokens	Time
ELECTRIC - "TERNA - - IBERDROL 2022	11, 8, 3	C,B,A	1.82	0.98	A,B,C	3	1124	56.978	A,C,B	2	1411	30.837	A,B,C	3	8335	143.533	B,C,A	1	1290	15.608	B,A,C	2	1251	25.662	B,C,A	1	1162	19.158	A,B,C	3	17	16.489	A,C,B	2	1236	32.826	B,C,A	1	1470	16.665	A,C,B	2	2834	25.433	C,B,A	0	541	3.307
ENI S.P. - TenneT H - REDEIA C 2022	12, 7, 4	C,B,A	1.27	0.65	B,C,A	1	684	27.403	C,A,B	1	1480	30.716	B,C,A	1	4371	49.228	B,C,A	1	1369	17.692	B,A,C	2	690	21.989	B,C,A	1	1397	23.493	A,B,C	3	17	2.166	B,C,A	1	1460	40.157	B,C,A	1	1485	16.536	B,C,A	1	4572	38.074	B,C,A	1	576	3.431
VEOLIA E - ELECTRIC - REDEIA C 2022	5, 11, 4	C,A,B	2.09	1.14	A,C,B	1	936	80.943	B,A,C	3	1502	25.329	A,C,B	1	5146	79.074	A,C,B	1	1293	15.674	B,A,C	3	712	22.018	A,B,C	2	783	15.972	B,A,C	3	17	1.762	B,A,C	3	1462	39.949	C,A,B	0	1726	18.814	B,A,C	3	3891	31.315	B,A,C	3	525	3.213
"TERNA - - A2A ENER - REDEIA C 2022	8, 9, 4	C,A,B	1.09	0.70	A,C,B	1	671	20.122	C,A,B	0	1139	21.782	A,C,B	1	2809	35.457	A,C,B	1	1193	13.323	A,C,B	1	885	17.033	A,C,B	1	591	11.294	A,B,C	2	17	1.357	A,B,C	2	1499	44.654	C,A,B	0	1233	13.92	B,C,A	2	17433	144.376	A,C,B	1	512	3.207
A2A ENER - ENEL - S - "TERNA - 2022	9, 1, 8	B,C,A	1.09	1.04	A,C,B	3	729	56.106	A,B,C	2	1763	34.209	B,C,A	0	4812	66.775	B,C,A	0	1300	18.074	C,B,A	1	833	25.915	B,C,A	0	1043	15.437	B,A,C	1	17	1.668	A,B,C	2	1508	42.098	C,A,B	2	2138	22.889	B,C,A	0	1188	12.307	C,B,A	1	514	3.369
EDP, S.A - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	2, 11, 5	A,C,B	1.55	0.93	B,A,C	2	708	73.411	C,A,B	1	1820	34.701	B,A,C	2	5474	62.884	A,B,C	1	2585	34.509	A,C,B	0	854	30.015	C,B,A	2	1171	18.025	B,A,C	2	17	2.147	C,B,A	2	1423	44.845	A,C,B	0	1444	14.734	B,C,A	3	3375	31.251	B,A,C	2	531	3.077
EDP, S.A - A2A ENER - TenneT H 2022	2, 9, 7	A,C,B	1.00	0.00	C,A,B	1	806	46.457	C,A,B	1	1634	27.196	C,A,B	1	7156	76.653	C,A,B	1	1810	24.913	C,A,B	1	732	20.383	C,A,B	1	879	14.17	C,A,B	1	280	3.487	C,A,B	1	1346	33.811	A,B,C	1	1562	16.722	C,A,B	1	3560	30.368	C,A,B	1	495	3.629
ØRSTED A - ENEL - S - A2A ENER 2022	6, 1, 9	B,A,C	0.82	0.60	A,B,C	1	634	44.66	A,B,C	1	1593	38.537	B,A,C	0	8705	245.887	A,B,C	1	1612	22.4	A,B,C	1	859	17.819	A,B,C	1	1164	17.703	C,B,A	2	17	1.813	A,B,C	1	1421	33.347	A,B,C	1	1768	17.43	B,A,C	0	6704	54.288	B,A,C	0	530	3.338
REDEIA C - ELECTRIC - "TERNA - 2022	4, 11, 8	A,C,B	1.55	0.82	C,A,B	1	799	52.182	C,A,B	1	2012	27.8	C,A,B	1	4433	69.808	C,A,B	1	2783	33.668	C,A,B	1	790	27.404	C,A,B	1	820	14.212	C,A,B	1	17	1.759	B,C,A	3	1081	26.647	B,A,C	2	1417	15.445	B,C,A	3	2746	26.43	B,A,C	2	522	3.206
ENEL - S - ELECTRIC - VEOLIA E 2022	1, 11, 5	A,C,B	0.82	0.87	B,A,C	2	852	29.602	A,C,B	0	1392	32.527	B,A,C	2	7214	136.586	A,C,B	0	1245	20.351	A,B,C	1	832	28.155	A,B,C	1	1333	24.645	A,B,C	1	261	3.706	A,C,B	0	1750	44.179	A,C,B	0	1358	16.056	B,A,C	2	3794	33.275	A,C,B	0	497	3.552
TenneT H - ENI S.P. - ENEL - S 2022	7, 12, 1	C,A,B	1.18	0.75	B,A,C	3	752	53.371	A,C,B	1	1379	34.049	A,C,B	1	5651	72.049	A,C,B	1	1823	25.446	A,C,B	1	859	25.996	C,A,B	0	1304	19.014	A,B,C	2	17	1.968	A,C,B	1	1379	36.239	C,B,A	1	1563	16.633	A,C,B	1	6128	55.888	A,C,B	1	622	4.02
TenneT H - REDEIA C - ENGIE 2022	7, 4, 10	B,A,C	1.36	0.67	A,B,C	1	509	54.233	A,C,B	2	1758	30.02	A,B,C	1	7488	101.265	A,B,C	1	1656	19.146	A,B,C	1	933	24.134	A,C,B	2	1045	16.099	A,B,C	1	17	1.285	A,C,B	2	1345	36.031	B,A,C	0	1400	15.374	A,C,B	2	2614	26.019	A,C,B	2	566	3.829

	Average Distance	Time (total)	Time (average)	Time (std. dev.)	Cost (total)	Cost (average)	Cost (std. dev.)
DeepSeek-V4-Pro	1.67	595.47	49.62	17.80	1.18	0.10	0.02
Kimi K2.6	1.25	367.70	30.64	4.61	0.71	0.06	0.01
MiniMax M2.7	1.17	1139.20	94.93	57.30	0.28	0.02	0.00
Qwen 3.6 Plus	0.83	260.80	21.73	6.83	0.50	0.04	0.01
GLM 5.1	1.25	286.52	23.88	4.08	0.99	0.08	0.01
GPT-5.5	1.08	209.22	17.44	3.83	3.67	0.31	0.06
GPT-5 nano	1.83	39.61	3.30	4.22	0.03	0.00	0.00
Claude Opus 4.6	1.67	454.78	37.90	5.69	4.15	0.35	0.06
Claude Haiku 4.5	0.75	201.22	16.77	2.31	0.84	0.07	0.01
Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview	1.67	509.02	42.42	34.29	2.42	0.20	0.05
Gemini 3.1 Flash-Lite Preview	1.17	41.18	3.43	0.28	0.22	0.02	0.00