**Step 1: Identify the relevant industry** Based on the provided facts, VINCI has significant "Service Concession Rights" (€28.2 billion) and makes investments in concessions and PPPs. It operates construction and concession businesses, which aligns closely with the "Transportation Infrastructure" sector under S&P methodologies (which includes roads, airports, and other concession-based infrastructure). The "Transportation Infrastructure" methodology states that the core ratio is FFO to debt, and the baseline formulas apply for the adjustments. **Step 2: Estimate Adjusted EBITDA** We start with VINCI's reported Profit Loss From Operating Activities (EBIT) for 2022: €6,489,000,000. To reconstruct EBITDA, we add back the Adjustments For Depreciation And Amortisation Expense: €3,613,000,000. We also review non-recurring items to normalize EBITDA. The reported "Other Operating Income Expense Non Recurring" is a gain of €8,000,000. Since this is a non-recurring gain, we subtract it to find the normalized EBITDA. Recurring EBITDA = 6,489,000,000 (EBIT) + 3,613,000,000 (D&A) - 8,000,000 (Non-recurring gain) = €10,094,000,000. S&P adjustments to EBITDA typically include adding back the interest portion of lease liabilities (operating lease adjustments). The reported "Adjustments For Interest Expense On Lease Liabilities" is €48,000,000. Adjusted_EBITDA = 10,094,000,000 + 48,000,000 = €10,142,000,000. **Step 3: Estimate FFO** Using the baseline formula: FFO = Adjusted_EBITDA - cash_interest - cash_taxes. For cash interest, we take the "Interest Paid And Interest Received Classified As Operating Activities" which is an outflow of €563,000,000 (since the statement shows it as a positive value representing cash used, we subtract this gross paid amount to be conservative and align with gross finance costs reported). For cash taxes, we take the "Income Taxes Paid Classified As Operating Activities": €1,603,000,000. FFO = 10,142,000,000 - 563,000,000 - 1,603,000,000 = €7,976,000,000. **Step 4: Estimate Adjusted Debt** We start with the reported debt items from the balance sheet: - Noncurrent Portion Of Noncurrent Bonds Issued: €20,425,000,000 - Noncurrent Portion Of Other Noncurrent Borrowings: €3,205,000,000 - Shortterm Borrowings: €6,368,000,000 Total Reported Debt = 20,425,000,000 + 3,205,000,000 + 6,368,000,000 = €30,000,000,000. We add lease liabilities as they are debt-like items under S&P adjustments: - Noncurrent Lease Liabilities: €1,580,000,000 - Current Lease Liabilities: €522,000,000 Total Leases = 1,580,000,000 + 522,000,000 = €2,102,000,000. We check for other debt-like items (pension deficit, guarantees, derivatives). Derivative financial liabilities are typically not added to debt unless they are deeply out-of-the-money. We will rely on the standard reported debt and leases. Gross Adjusted Debt = Reported Debt + Leases = 30,000,000,000 + 2,102,000,000 = €32,102,000,000. To calculate eligible cash, we use Cash And Cash Equivalents (€12,578,000,000). We do not subtract Current Cash Management Financial Assets (€755,000,000) as they are short-term investments rather than pure cash equivalents eligible for offset against debt. Adjusted_Debt = Gross Adjusted Debt - Eligible Cash = 32,102,000,000 - 12,578,000,000 = €19,524,000,000. **Step 5: Calculate FFO / Adjusted_Debt** FFO / Adjusted_Debt = 7,976,000,000 / 19,524,000,000 = 0.40852... Rounding to four decimal places, we get 0.4085. 0.4085