To estimate the S&P-adjusted FFO-to-debt ratio for ENGIE for the fiscal year 2022, we apply the standard S&P Global Ratings methodology for Corporate and Regulated Utilities. **1. Adjusted EBITDA** We reconstruct the reported EBITDA from the income statement elements: * Revenue: 93,865 * Purchases: -74,535 * Employee Benefits Expense: -8,078 * Tax Expense Other Than Income Tax: -3,380 * Other Income: +1,624 * **Reported EBITDA** = 9,496 Next, we apply S&P normalization adjustments: * **MTM derivative impacts:** European utilities experienced massive volatility in 2022. The non-cash mark-to-market (MTM) commodity derivatives impact included in operating income was a loss of 3,661 (inferred from the cash flow add-back "Adjustments For Gains Losses On Change In Fair Value Of Derivatives": -3,661). We add back this non-cash loss. * **Dividends from Equity Investments:** S&P replaces the share of profit from joint ventures with actual cash dividends received. We use the 713 adjustment for dividend income. * **Adjusted EBITDA** = 9,496 + 3,661 (MTM loss) + 713 (Dividends received) = 13,870 **2. Funds From Operations (FFO)** FFO is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA minus net cash interest and cash taxes paid. * **Net Cash Interest Paid:** We calculate this as Interest Paid (822) minus Interest Received on Cash (194) minus Interest Received from Investing (37) = 591. * **Hybrid Debt Coupon:** ENGIE has deeply subordinated perpetual notes. S&P treats 50% of the hybrid coupons as interest. The coupon paid out of equity was 451. 50% of this is 225.5. * **Total Adjusted Cash Interest** = 591 + 225.5 = 816.5 * **Cash Taxes Paid:** 1,504 * **Adjusted FFO** = 13,870 - 816.5 - 1,504 = 11,549.5 **3. Adjusted Debt** We start with reported debt and adjust for hybrid securities, accessible cash, and debt-like provisions (most notably ENGIE's massive Asset Retirement Obligations [AROs] for nuclear decommissioning and pension deficits). * **Reported Borrowings:** Long-term (28,083) + Short-term (12,508) = 40,591 * **Hybrid Securities:** 50% of Deeply Subordinated Perpetual Notes (3,393) = 1,696.5 * **Debt-like Provisions:** Noncurrent Provisions (24,663) + Current Provisions (2,365) = 27,028 * **Less Eligible Cash & Dedicated Assets:** Cash and Cash Equivalents (15,570) + Other Noncurrent Financial Assets (10,599) + Other Current Financial Assets (2,394) = 28,563 * **Adjusted Debt** = 40,591 + 1,696.5 + 27,028 - 28,563 = 40,752.5 *(Note: Adding net provisions aligns the calculated adjusted debt closely with ENGIE's reported Economic Net Debt, mapping effectively to S&P’s debt adjustments for European utilities).* **4. FFO-to-Debt Ratio** * **FFO / Adjusted Debt** = 11,549.5 / 40,752.5 = 0.283405... 0.2834