To estimate the credit trend for Bouygues, we follow the prescribed workflow based on the provided financial data. ### 1. Industry Identification Bouygues is a diversified group (construction, media, telecommunications, etc.). As no specific industry-wide methodology fits exactly, we apply general corporate baseline formulas. ### 2 & 7. Adjusted EBITDA (EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation & Amortization) *Note: Depreciation & Amortization = D&A Expense + D&A Right-of-Use Assets.* * **2021:** * Operating Income: 1,733M EUR * D&A: 2,065M + 353M = 2,418M EUR * Adjusted_EBITDA (2021) = 1,733 + 2,418 = **4,151M EUR** * **2022:** * Operating Income: 1,872M EUR * D&A: 2,228M + 446M = 2,674M EUR * Adjusted_EBITDA (2022) = 1,872 + 2,674 = **4,546M EUR** ### 3 & 8. FFO (FFO = Adj_EBITDA - Cash Interest - Cash Taxes) * **2021:** * Cash Interest (Cost of Net Debt + Interest on Lease): 155M + 52M = 207M * Cash Taxes (Provided): 397M * FFO (2021) = 4,151 - 207 - 397 = **3,547M EUR** * **2022:** * Cash Interest: 198M + 62M = 260M * Cash Taxes (Provided): 518M * FFO (2022) = 4,546 - 260 - 518 = **3,768M EUR** ### 4 & 9. Adjusted Debt *Note: Adjusted Debt = Net Debt + Lease Liabilities (Noncurrent + Current).* * **2021:** * Net Debt (2022-01-01): 941M * Leases (Noncurrent + Current): 1,473M + 362M = 1,835M * Adjusted_Debt (2021) = 941 + 1,835 = **2,776M EUR** * **2022:** * Net Debt (2023-01-01): 7,440M * Leases (Noncurrent + Current): 2,107M + 498M = 2,605M * Adjusted_Debt (2022) = 7,440 + 2,605 = **10,045M EUR** ### 5 & 10. Adjusted Debt / Adjusted EBITDA * 2021 Ratio: 2,776 / 4,151 = **0.67x** * 2022 Ratio: 10,045 / 4,546 = **2.21x** * **Change:** +1.54x (Deteriorating) ### 6 & 11. FFO / Adjusted Debt * 2021 Ratio: 3,547 / 2,776 = **1.278** * 2022 Ratio: 3,768 / 10,045 = **0.375** * **Change:** -0.903 (Deteriorating) ### 12. Classification * Signal 1 (Leverage): +1.54x (Threshold ≥ +0.2x, Deteriorating) * Signal 2 (Coverage): -0.903 (Threshold ≤ -0.03, Deteriorating) Both signals indicate a significant deterioration in credit metrics, largely driven by the substantial increase in net debt during 2022. Deteriorating