To estimate the S&P-adjusted FFO-to-debt ratio for Fortum Oyj for 2022, we follow the S&P methodology for the Power & Gas industry. **1. Identify Industry:** Fortum Oyj is a major European energy company (Unregulated Power and Gas). **2. Estimate Adjusted EBITDA:** * Reported EBITDA (Continuing Operations): 1,842,000,000 EUR. * The reported figure already reflects adjustments (e.g., Items Affecting Comparability: -593,000,000 EUR). S&P typically adjusts for non-recurring items. The Comparable EBITDA is 2,436,000,000 EUR. We use the Comparable EBITDA as the baseline to normalize recurring performance. * Adjusted EBITDA = 2,436,000,000 EUR. **3. Estimate FFO:** * FFO = Adjusted EBITDA - Cash Interest - Cash Taxes. * Cash Interest (Interest Paid Classified As Operating Activities): 201,000,000 EUR. * Cash Taxes (Income Taxes Paid Refund Classified As Operating Activities): 167,000,000 EUR. * FFO = 2,436,000,000 - 201,000,000 - 167,000,000 = 2,068,000,000 EUR. **4. Estimate Adjusted Debt:** * Total Reported Debt: Sum of "Other Noncurrent Financial Liabilities" (3,658M), "Noncurrent Derivative Financial Liabilities" (756M), "Other Current Financial Liabilities" (4,127M), "Current Derivative Financial Liabilities" (3,973M). * Reported Debt (2023-01-01 / Dec 31 2022) = 3,658,000,000 + 756,000,000 + 4,127,000,000 + 3,973,000,000 = 12,514,000,000 EUR. * Eligible Cash (Liquid Funds): 3,919,000,000 EUR. * Adjusted Debt = 12,514,000,000 - 3,919,000,000 = 8,595,000,000 EUR. **5. Calculate FFO / Adjusted_Debt Ratio:** * Ratio = 2,068,000,000 / 8,595,000,000 = 0.2406049... Rounding to four decimal places, we get 0.2406. 0.2406